1. Mobile Ad hoc Networks Sleep-based Topology Control
Tarek Sheltami
KFUPM
CCSE
COE
4/22/2017

2. Outline Overview Constructing topologies for connectivity
Traditional approaches
BEAC/AFECA
GAF, CEC
ASCENT
SPAN
Constructing topologies for coverage
PEAS
Sponsored Sector
CCP
LDAS
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3. Overview
Topology control can be defined as the process of configuring or reconfiguring a network’s topology through tunable parameters after deployment. There are three major tunable parameters for topology control:
Node mobility
Power of transmission
Sleep scheduling
In practice, a limited number of expensive nodes are deployed in specific locations and must be active at all time. On the other hand, inexpensive nodes are redundant, deployed in remote locations and their precise location is not essential
Over deploying the network may provide some significant advantages:
Longer lifetime
Robustness
Tunable coverage/connectivity
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4. Constructing topologies for connectivity
Basic/adaptive fidelity energy conserving algorithms (BECA/AFECA)
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5. Constructing topologies for connectivity..
Geographic adaptive fidelity (GAF)
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6. Constructing topologies for connectivity..
Geographic adaptive fidelity (GAF)..
Deployed in virtual grid topology
The priority scheme based on the residual power
Each node broadcast its ID, grid ID and residual power
The grid cell size, r, is sufficiently small (r< )
A related Cluster-based Energy Conservation (CEC) eliminates the need of geographic info to setup the virtual grid
A node is elected as clusterhead if it has a higher residual power
Gateways are allowed to communicate with more than one clusterhead
Sleep timers are set so that nodes wake-up to run a re-election before the clusterhead’s energy depleted
Node may wake up to send data
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7. Constructing topologies for connectivity..
Adaptive self-configuring sensor network topology control (ASCENT)
Unless the number of neighbors > NT or its participation will increase the loss rate
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8. Constructing topologies for connectivity..
Adaptive self-configuring sensor network topology control (ASCENT)..
Intended for highly dynamic environment
Nodes wakeup to assist in routing depending on the number of neighbors and the measured data lose in their vicinity
Nodes are expected to be active until they die
What are the tunable parameters?
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9. Constructing topologies for connectivity..
Neighborhood coordinators (SPAN)
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10. Constructing topologies for connectivity..
Neighborhood coordinators (SPAN)..
Only a subset of nodes, call coordinators nodes are active
Non-coordinating nodes go to sleep, waking up periodically to go to test state, send HELLO messages and check for eligibility to become coordinators:
If two neighbors can’t reach each other or via <3 coordinators
The eligibility decision is based on the content of HELLO messages sent by all nodes announcing their coordinators and neighbors
The algorithm ensures that there are coordinators in every radio broadcast range in the network to minimize congestion
Nodes give up their rules as coordinators if they no longer satisfy the eligibility rule or after time period to ensure load balancing
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11. Constructing topologies for coverage
Probing environment and adaptive sleep (PEAS)
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12. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Probing environment and adaptive sleep (PEAS)..
Aims to provide topology control for highly dynamic environments
A randomized timer with exponential distribution of rate λ to transition from sleep to the probe state
Randomized wake-up times are used to spread the probes from nodes so as to minimize the likelihood that any portion of the network is left without an active node for too long
The rate λ is adapted depending on the environment to ensure that the sleeping rate in every part of the network is about the same desired value λd
In the probing state, a node detects if there is any active node within a probing range Rp, by sending a PROBE message at the appropriate transmit power and listening for REPLY messages
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13. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Probing environment and adaptive sleep (PEAS)..
Based on REPLY message,
is the estimated aggregate neighborhood probing rate measured by active nodes
depends on the application tolerance for delays, with the
tradeoff being energy efficiency
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14. Constructing topologies for Coverage..
Sponsored sector
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15. Constructing topologies for Coverage..
Sponsored sector..
Aims to turn off redundant nodes while preserving the original coverage of the network
Each node checks to see if its coverage area is already covered by active neighbors before deciding whether to be on or off
Nodes that are in the ready-on-duty state investigate whether they are eligible to turn off their sensor and radio, by examining their neighbors’ coverage
If they are eligible, they first wait a random backoff time Td, and broadcast a status advertisement message (SAM), before transitioning to the ready-to-off state
Any neighboring nodes with a longer backoff time will not consider these nodes that issued a SAM before them in their neighbor coverage determination
This prevents multiple nodes from shutting off simultaneously
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16. Constructing topologies for Coverage..
Sponsored sector..
If nodes determine they are ineligible to turn off, they transition to the on-duty state
From the ready-to-off state, after a timer Tw, nodes transition to off-duty unless they receive a SAM from a neighbor and find that they are ineligible to turn off. If they are ineligible to turn off, they transition to on-duty
At the beginning of each round, each node sends a position advertisement message (PAM) to all neighbors within sensing range containing its sensing range as well as position
If the union of all these sponsored sectors is equal to the node’s own coverage area, it determines itself to be eligible to turn off
At the end of each round, eligible nodes turn off, while other nodes continue to sense
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17. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Integrated coverage and connectivity protocol (CCP)
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18. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Integrated coverage and connectivity protocol (CCP)..
Sensor nodes transition from the sleep to the listen state after a timer Ts
Nodes in the listen state start a timer with duration T1 to evaluate their eligibility if they receive a HELLO, WITHDRAW, or JOIN message
A node is eligible if all intersection points of its own circle with those of other sensors or the region boundary are at least K-covered
If the node is eligible, it starts a join timer Tj, otherwise it returns to the sleep state after the timer T1 expires
If a node hears a JOIN beacon from a neighbor after the join timer is started it becomes ineligible and cancels the join timer Tj and goes to sleep.
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19. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Integrated coverage and connectivity protocol (CCP)..
If the join timer is not cancelled, when it expires the node broadcasts a JOIN beacon and enters the active state
In active state, a node periodically sends HELLO messages. An active node that receives a HELLO message checks its own eligibility; if ineligible, it starts a withdraw timer Tw after which it broadcasts a WITHDRAW message and goes to sleep
If it becomes eligible before the withdraw timer expires (due to the reception of a WITHDRAW or HELLO message), it cancels the withdraw timer and remains in active state.
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20. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Lightweight deployment-aware scheduling (LDAS)
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21. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Lightweight deployment-aware scheduling (LDAS)..
During the on-duty state, the sensor node checks the number of its working neighbors n. If this is larger than the required threshold, r , then it sends out penalty tickets to (n−r) randomly selected active neighbors
A node that receives greater than a threshold number of tickets, b, goes to the ready-to-off state. In this state a random backoff time between 0 and Wmax is used as a timer
If it still has sufficient neighbors at the end of this state, it goes to the off-duty state, erases all tickets, and stays asleep for a timer of duration Ts
It is assumed that all nodes are placed uniformly in an area with average node density of n
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22. Constructing topologies for coverage..
Lightweight deployment-aware scheduling (LDAS)..
Each node sends a ticket to each neighbor with probability if r ≤n
Also,
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