1. Chapters 4 and 5 Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry:The nanoscopic and macroscopic worlds

2. | SectionChapter | What does history have to do with science? Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it. George Santayana The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 2

3. | SectionChapter | What is science? A search for truth (and what is truth?) A methodical form to seek knowledge A coherent body of knowledge in a certain area A way to increase the knowledge of humanity An experience that increases our awareness of the way things are The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 3

4. | SectionChapter | What is science? “We find ourselves in a bewildering world. We want to make sense of what we see around us and to ask: What is the nature of the universe? What is our place in it and where did it and we come from? Why is it the way it is?” From A Brief History of Time by Stephen Hawkins The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 4

5. | SectionChapter | How does it work? from Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolution Paradigm: “… accepted examples of scientific practice [that] provide models from which spring particular coherent traditions of scientific research.” “… normal-scientific research is directed to the articulation of those phenomena and theories that the paradigm already supplies.” “New and unsuspected phenomena, …are repeatedly uncovered by scientific research… “ “… characteristic shifts in the scientific community’s conception of its legitimate problems and standards… [did not occur] from some methodologically lower to some higher type.“ “…considerations that lead can lead scientist to reject an old paradigm in favor of a new… appeal to the individual’s sense of the appropriate and the aesthetic.” The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 5

6. | SectionChapter | How we go about it? Underlying principles Matter is composed of atoms and molecules. Atoms differ by their atomic number; molecules differ by the atoms that form them and by their molecular structure. The behavior of matter depends on the physical and chemical properties of the atoms and molecules that compose it. The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 6

7. | SectionChapter | How did the Greeks go about it?  : Greek word meaning indivisible. Democritus All that exists is atoms in the void. Plato Atoms have different geometries that give a substance its characteristics. The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 7

8. | SectionChapter | Table of elements Moderns The Nanoscopic World: Introduction Greeks 8 EarthWind FireWater

9. | SectionChapter | Processes Greeks Substances are made of combinations of the four elements Substances behave according to the combination of the four elements The elements move according to their nature The Nanoscopic World: Inrtoduction Moderns Substances are made of elements in the periodic table Substances behave according to the elements that compose them Energies and forces determine the movement and reactivity of the elements 9

10. | SectionChapter | Agenda Introduction The Nanoscopic World −Matter and energy −Atoms −Nanoscale particles The Macroscopic World −Intermolecular forces −Properties of liquids −Applications The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 10

11. The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

12. | SectionChapter | The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 12 What is matter? ?

13. | SectionChapter | How do we perceive matter? States (or phases) of matter: Solid, liquid, gaseous Classification of matter: The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 13

14. | SectionChapter | Explanation of matter States (or phases) of matter: The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 14

15. | SectionChapter | Explanation of matter Classification of matter The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 15

16. | SectionChapter | Definitions What is energy? Capacity to perform work. What is work? Force applied through a distance. What is force? Exerted energy. Mass times acceleration. The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 16

17. | SectionChapter | Mechanical energy For a moving object Kinetic Energy K = ½mv 2 Potential Energy (Work) U (or V) = - W = Law of conservation of energy  K +  U = 0 E = K + U The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 17

18. | SectionChapter | 1 st Law of Thermodynamics Change in energy of a system of particles  E = q + w w: work w = q: heat transferred Heat K avg = (3/2)RT The Nanoscale World: Matter and Energy 18

19. | SectionChapter | Electromagnetic spectrum The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 19 = c/ : wave length : frecuency c: constant of the speed of light

20. | SectionChapter | Theories of light Interference The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 20

21. | SectionChapter | Properties of light Diffraction The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 21

22. | SectionChapter | Properties of light Reflection diffraction The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 22

23. | SectionChapter | Properties of light X-ray diffraction The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 23

24. | SectionChapter | Theories of light Light particles The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 24

25. | SectionChapter | Theories of light Light particles The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 25

26. | SectionChapter | Theories of light Photoelectric effect Energy of a photon E f = h h: constante de Planck Kinetic energy of the electron K e = h -   : Binding energy of electron to the metal Relativistic effects E f = h = mc 2 The Nanoscopic World: Matter and Energy 26

27. The Nanoscopic World: Atoms Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

28. | SectionChapter | Atom structure Bohr atom The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 28

29. | SectionChapter | Wave particle duality Interference The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 29

30. | SectionChapter | Wave particle duality De Broglie relation Wave properties For light For an electron The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 30

31. | SectionChapter | Modern model of the atom 31 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Helium Atom −2 Neutrons and 2 protons in the nucleus −2 Electrons moving about the nucleus An Element Is an Atom with a Unique Chemical Identity The Presence of 2 Protons in the Nucleus Is Unique to the Helium Atom −# Neutrons changes — helium isotopes −# Electrons changes — helium ions −# Protons changes — not helium!

32. | SectionChapter | Ions The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 32 Net charge = # of protons - # of electrons

33. | SectionChapter | Mathematics of the atom Schödinger equation One dimension Operators Hamiltonian Simplified equation The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 33

34. | SectionChapter | Atomic Spectra The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 34

35. | SectionChapter | Interpretation of atomic spectra The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 35 Energy levels

36. | SectionChapter | Atomic orbitals Electron probability density The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 36 Region around a nucleus where the probability of finding an electron is 90% Orbital:

37. | SectionChapter | Atomic orbitals 37 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14

38. | SectionChapter | Electron configuration The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 38

39. | SectionChapter | Periodic Table of the Elements 39 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Metals Nonmetals Metalloids

40. | SectionChapter | Periodic Trends: Atomic Number (Number of Protons in Nucleus) 40 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Increasing atomic number

41. | SectionChapter | Periodic Trends: Atomic Size 41 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Increasing atomic size

42. | SectionChapter | Periodic trends: Ionization energy The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 42 Increasing ionization energy

43. | SectionChapter | Periodic Trends: Electronegativity 43 The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 14 Increasing electronegativity

44. | SectionChapter | Molecular Geometry The Nanoscopic World: Atoms 44

45. The Nanoscopic World: Nanoscale particles Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

46. | SectionChapter | Agenda The Nanoscopic World: Introduction 46 Introduction The Nanoscopic World − Matter and energy − Atoms − Nanoscale particles The Macroscopic World − Intermolecular forces − Properties of liquids − Applications

47. | SectionChapter | Refresher The Nanoscopic World: Nanoscale particles 47 Atoms Are Composed of Elementary Particles −Central nucleus with two particle types: Neutrons (no charge) Positively charged protons −Negatively charged electrons found around and about the nucleus Electrons Are In Constant Motion −Individual electrons localized into regions of space with defined energy −Electron transitions occur in defined increments (energy is quantized) Fluctuating, Non-Uniform Charge Distribution Surrounds the Atom

48. | SectionChapter | Ionic compounds The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 48 Na + ½ Cl 2 → [ Na + + Cl – ] → NaCl Ca + Cl 2 → [ Ca +2 + Cl – + Cl – ] → CaCl 2

49. | SectionChapter | Covalent bond formation The Macroscopic World: Atoms 49

50. | SectionChapter | Molecules The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 50 Molecules Are Composed of Atoms − Relative location of atomic nuclei give shape to the molecule Electrons Are In Constant Motion − Electrons are shared among atoms in the molecule in covalent bonds − Covalent bonds between nuclei have shapes, locations, energies σ-bonds, π-bonds molecular orbitals Fluctuating, Non-Uniform Charge Distribution Surrounds the Molecule

51. | SectionChapter | Polymers The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 51

52. | SectionChapter | Dendrimers The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 52

53. | SectionChapter | SAM Self-Assembled Monolayers The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 53

54. | SectionChapter | Metal nanoparticles The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 54 Properties − 1 to >100 nm − Uniform size distribution − Easily modified surface properties Gold particles − Are red, not gold − Inert in biological organisms − Can be functionalized with SAM Silver nanoparticles − have antibacterial effect

55. | SectionChapter | Metal nanoparticles The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 55

56. | SectionChapter | Quantum dots The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 56

57. | SectionChapter | Energy level revisited The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 57 Semiconductors

58. | SectionChapter | Carbon allotropes The Macroscopic World: Nanoscale particles 58 Carbon NanotubeC 60 Fullerene

59. The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular Forces Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

60. | SectionChapter | Polarity of bonds The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 60 Electronegativity − 3.5 Oxygen − 2.1 Hydrogen

61. | SectionChapter | Polarity The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 61 Dipole Ions Induced Dipole

62. | SectionChapter | Intermolecular forces The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 62

63. | SectionChapter | The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 63 Hydrogen bonding Ice

64. | SectionChapter | Hydrogen bonding in DNA The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 64

65. | SectionChapter | Energetics The Macroscopic World: Intermolecular forces 65 Energy of interaction −Heat (q): change in thermal energy reservoir during a physical, chemical, or biological process (q=ΔH when pressure is constant) −Entropy (S): measure of the number of ways objects can interact −Gibbs free energy (ΔG): ΔG = ΔH – TΔS −ΔG < 0 spontaneous process (additional energy not required) −ΔG = 0 equilibrium situation −ΔG > 0 non-spontaneous process At the nanoscale, energy can flow between internal energy, in the form of chemical bonds, and useable energy or heat (ΔH).

66. The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

67. | SectionChapter | Liquids The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 67 Properties of Liquids −Brownian motion −Cohesion and adhesion forces −Interaction with surfaces −Surface tension −Capillary action −Fluidity −Viscosity

68. | SectionChapter | Forces of interaction The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 68

69. | SectionChapter | Surfaces The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 69 Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface

70. | SectionChapter | Liquid surfaces Surface Tension −Measures the difference between a liquid molecule’s attraction to other liquid molecules and to the surrounding fluid (above). The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 70 indianapublicmedia.org

71. | SectionChapter | Capillary action The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 71

72. | SectionChapter | To flow or not to flow The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 72 Viscosity −Resistance to flow −Quickness or slowness of fluid flow Volume of Fluid Flowing through a Pipe Velocity of a Sphere Falling through the Fluid

73. | SectionChapter | Fluidity The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 73 Laminar Flow −Molecules moving in one direction, longitudinally Turbulent Flow −Molecules moving in random directions with net longitudinal flow

74. | SectionChapter | Fluidity The Macroscopic World: Properties of liquids 74

75. The Macroscopic World: Applications Introduction to Nanophysics and Nanochemistry

76. | SectionChapter | Cleaning up The Macroscopic World: Applications 76

77. | SectionChapter | Carbon nanotubes The Macroscopic World: Applications 77 Exploring Uses −Enclose atoms and molecules −Enclose other carbon nanotubes −Application in batteries for electric vehicles −Used as a “frictionless” axle and bearing in a nanomotor −Changeable electric properties

78. | SectionChapter | Solar cells The Macroscopic World: Applications 78 Current and Potential Applications −Alternatives to silica −Improve efficiency in light absorbance −Thin and flexible films −Cost reduction

79. | SectionChapter | Miniature laboratory The Macroscopic World: Applications 79

80. | SectionChapter | Nanocatalyst The Macroscopic World: Applications 80

81. | SectionChapter | Nanocatalyst The Macroscopic World: Applications 81 Encapsulated Enzyme Particles −Isolatable −Enhanced stability From thermal denaturation From proteolytic enzymes

82. | SectionChapter | Drug delivery The Macroscopic World: Applications 82 β-cyclodextrancamptothecin

83. | SectionChapter | Protein sensors The Macroscopic World: Applications 83 Process −Create a visible light diffraction grating with known periodicity and ridge height −Coat grating surface with an affinity label for a target protein −Characterize the diffraction wavelength at specific viewing angles −Expose coated grating to biological sample containing target protein; isolate protein coated diffraction grating −Monitor changes in wavelength as a function of protein binding

84. | SectionChapter | Biological sensor The Macroscopic World: Applications 84

85. | SectionChapter | Other apps The Macroscopic World: Applications 85 Photonic Crystals −1-D to 3-D nanoscale voids for storage of photons Active Research Areas −Materials for information storage devices −Read/write mechanisms