1. Contribution of Medspiration/GHRSST products to Mediterranean applications of SST Bruno Buongiorno Nardelli (1) Nadia Pinardi (2) (1)CNR - Istituto di Scienze dellAtmosfera e del Clima – sezione di Roma (2)Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia r.santoleri@isac.cnr.it; Rosalia Santoleri (1)

2. Outline Mediterranean SST processing chain at GOS & its products Use of SST in the MFS Mediterranean ocean forecasting system Dissemination to users Future Plans

3. MED-SST Products: GOS involvement in national and international projects/programmes Mediterranean Forecasting System Adricosm Medspiration Mersea PRIMI GODAE Global High Resolution SST Pilot Project (GHRSST-PP)

4. CNR-ISAC-GOS SST processing chain (operative since October 1998) has been designed to provide SST data for assimilation in the MFS forecasting model. MFS_SST are daily optimally Interpolated Sea Surface Temperature (OISST) maps produced in near real time at 5 Km resolution (1/16°x1/16° MFS model grid) Since July 2006, In the framework of MERSEA, CNR- ISAC also produces multi-sensors OISST maps merging a variety of sensors (AVHRR, MODIS, SEVERI, AATSR) as contribution to the GODAE/GHRSST- PP The same OI scheme has also been used to perform a Re- Analysis (RAv0) of AVHRR Pathfinder SST time series, from 1985 to 2005 by CNR-GOS in collaboration with ENEA. This product has also been used to build up a Med SST climatology http://gos.ifa.rm.cnr.it/

5. The Mediterranean GOS L4 SST processor f l o w c h a r t Data mergingISAC Optimal Interpolation Data delivery Data quality controll Night-time SST using MF algorithm Cloud detection SST daily composite binning on model grid (1/16x1/16) MF AVHRR acquisition Atlantic buffer zone + west Med Night-time SST using Pathfinder algorithm Cloud detection SST daily composite binning on model grid (1/16x1/16) ISAC AVHRR acquisition Entire Mediterranean L2P GHRSST Products

6. GOS SST Multi-senosorsProcessing Chain: LOGICAL VIEW M1: L2P data acquisition M2: SST Extraction/Editing M3: SST data merging M4: SST OI interpolation M5: OUTPUT delivery GHRSST GDAC L2P data MFS SST users CNR-ISAC AVHRR L2 data CNR-ISAC administrator

7. Input Data EXT.DAT.001: all the L2P night time data available from GHRSST: ATS_NR_2P, ENVISAT AATSR near real time SSTskin data AVHRR18_G, AVHRR NOAA-18 GAC derived SST data AVHRR18_L, AVHRR NOAA-18 LAC derived SST data AVHRR17_G, AVHRR NOAA-17 GAC derived SST data AVHRR17_L, AVHRR NOAA-17 LAC derived SST data NAR18, AVHRR NOAA-18 derived SST data NAR17, AVHRR NOAA-17 derived SST data SEVIRI, MSG-SEVIRI derived SST data MODIS_A, EOS AQUA MODIS derived SST data MODIS_T, EOS TERRA MODIS derived SST data EXT.DAT.002: AVHRR L2 SST from NOAA18 NOAA17 acquired and processed by CNR-ISAC Rome HRPT station Dataidentifier GHRSST - L2P SSTEXT.DAT.001 CNR-ISAC - L2 SSTEXT.DAT.002 PRIMI – L4 HR SSTEXT.DAT.101 PRIMI – L4 UHR SSTEXT.DAT.102

8. Data Merging Reference sensor merged files Interpolation uses in input merged files (1 SST map per day) The reference sensor (assumed with zero bias against in situ SST) is used for the adjustment of the SST values measured by the other sensors. The reference sensors were selected on the basis of sensors evaluation, they are: ATS_NR_2P NAR17 (MODIS_T, 4 micron) Evaluation of the bias between reference sensor and the other sensors is performed on collated pixels on a daily basis (only if sufficient co-located pixels are found) Merging procedure selects valid pixels using first high resolution L2P data the sensor sequence listed below: ATS_NR_2P, NAR17, MODIS_T, NAR18, MODIS_A, AVHRR17_L, AVHRR18_L, SEVIRI, AVHRR18_G, AVHRR17_G

9. Sensors Evaluation MODIS Terra (11micron) MBE=-0.21 °C Rms=0.38 °C MODIS Terra (4 micron) MBE=-0.04 °C Rms=0.33 °C MODIS Aqua (4 micron) MBE=-0.16 °C Rms=0.54 °C MODIS Aqua (11 micron) MBE=-0.34 °C Rms=0.55 °C SEVIRI MBE=-0.07 °C Rms=0.51 °C NAR17 MBE=-0.002 °C Rms=0.49 °C

10. SST INTERPOLATION by Optimal Interpolation The scheme drives a multi-basin analysis to avoid data propagation across land, from one sub-basin to the other. The Interpolation is performed in space and time, using a time series of daily SST maps: (1 SST map per day) NRT OISST map is produced every day at 6 am. L =180 km τ =7 days Medspiration results : Delayed OISST map is produced every day after 7 days The outputs are follows GHRSST convetion (netCDF, Climate and Forecast (CF) Metadata convention versione 1.0)

11. CNR-ISAC-GOS L4_processors configuration MFS (AVHRR in input) MFS (L2P in input) MBE=-0.08 °C Rms=0.46 °C MBE=-0.26 °C Rms=0.52 °C MBE=-0.11 °C Rms=0.52°C

17. The 2006 SST anomaly was monitored in near real time by the GOS SST Processing system The warm summer 2006 daily SST anomaly respect to the 1985-2004 climatology Time series of SST mean in the West Med

18. Multiparametric buoys (M3A) in Ligurian, Adriatic and Cretan Sea XBT VOS/SOOP ARGO FLOAT (MedArgo) Daily SST from satellite interpolated in RT on the model grid (1/16°x1/16°) SLA from satellite (Jason1, GFO, ENVISAT and T/P) Open ocean monitoring by gliders Scatterometer daily winds analysis on a grid of 1/2°x1/2° (soon a new real time analysis ready) MFS Monitoring System:

19. Basin scale forecasting system: MFS1671 BATHYMETRY (m) NUMERICAL MODEL: Horizontal resolution 1/16°x1/16° Vertical resolution 72 unevenly spaced levels Numerical code: OPA 8.2 Close boundaries in the Atlantic ocean Free surface parameterization Asyncrhronously coupled with ECWF analyses or forecasts atmospheric fields DATA ASSIMILATION SCHEME: SOFA: reduced order Optimal Interpolation scheme Intermittent (24hr) assimilation of: Satellite SLA Vertical profiles (T & S) Satellite SST

20. FORECASTRELEASE SLA XBT SST ECMWF AN ECMWF FC J-7 J-14 J-5J-4J-3J-2J-1 Wed ThuFriSatSunMonTue ThuFriWedThuFri J+1J+2J+7J+8J+9 J Wed Data are disseminated through a Web/ftp service (www.bo.ingv.it/mfstep) The present day MFS (SYS3) weekly assimilation system ARGO

21. Air-sea Physics and SST assimilation Air-Sea physics surface solar radiation computed from astronomical formulas - Reed (1977) net longwave flux formula - Bignami (1995) sensible and latent heat flux- Kondo (1975) wind stress calculated from Hellerman and Rosensenstein formula Water flux: relaxation to monthly mean climatology from MedAtlas Atmospheric Forcing 6 hours analyses and forecast surface state variables from ECMWF 0.5 x 0.5 degrees: air and dew point temperature, mean sea level pressure, clouds, 10 m winds SST assimilation The net heat flux is corrected by a relaxation (constant coefficient at this point, 20 W/m 2 /degC) to satellite SST (T*) each model time step with the following formula:

22. DT evaluation of the basin scale forecast: comparison with indipendent buoy data Temperature: VALENCIA ALBORAN

23. Forecast production and broadcast: Every day a 10 days forecast is produced in Real Time (11hr delay) Once a week, 15 past days analyses are produced with the assimilation of all available data (SST contribution) Every day a Web Bulletin is published (SST contribution) Every month an electronic monthly bulletin is released on the web site describing the results of the MFS system for the previous month together with anomalies and climatic indices (SST contribution) Every day the model data (& GOS SST data) are available through a dedicated ftp to users www.bo.ingv.it/mfs

24. Sub-regional models at 3 km Shelf models at 1-2 km ESEOO POSEIDON MFS disseminate daily forecasts to 11 nested models

32. Summary of SST Dissemination to Mediterranean Users Primary user of SST is the MFS at INGV National forecasting Systems and MOON operational system throughout MOON MoU (31 centres) Research and educational users (> 200) –Research studies, cruises planning, etc Commercial Users –ENI-AGIP, Telespazio Environmental Agency: –EEA (SST contribution Climate change report 2008, contribution to the monthly bulletin in discussion) –UNEP/MAP (draft of the monthly bulletin is already proposed) MoU is in discussion –Agreement with Italian Meteorological service for use the SST in their broadcast system is under discussion

33. Conclusion and Future plans The Satellite Observing System of the Mediterranean Sea provides NRT, DT, and re-analysis satellite products in agreement with the requirements of the MCS core products This system will be the MOON component of the SST-TAC of MCS in the framework of MyOcean The CNR processing SST chains will be modified to provide also Black Sea products in accordance with the MyOcean requirements In the framework of National Projects (Adricosm & PRIMI): –new multi-sensors UHR SST products will be developed for the Italian Sea (Adriatic, Sicily Channel, Tyrrhenian Sea at 1 Km resolution) –the new SST products will be assimilation in the Adriatic, Sicily Channel forecasting models –The SST assimilation scheme will modified to take into account that the characteristics satellite SST (e. g. restoring coefficient depending on wind intensity & regime, e.g. Artale et al. JGR 2002 )