1. Fluids
AP Physics
Chapter 10

2. Fluids
10.1 States of Matter

3. Solid – fixed shape, fixed size
10.1 States of Matter
Solid – fixed shape, fixed size
Liquid – shape of container, fixed size
Gas – shape of container, volume of container
Fluids – have the ability to flow (liquids and gases)
10.1

4. 10.2 Density and Specific Gravity
Fluids
10.2 Density and Specific Gravity

5. 10.2 Density and Specific Gravity
Density – mass per unit volume
Mass in kilograms
Volume in m3
Density of pure water is 1000kg/m3
Salt water is 1025kg/m3
10.2

6. 10.2 Density and Specific Gravity
Specific Gravity – the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water at 4oC.
Water is 1 (no unit)
Salt water would be 1.025
10.2

7. Fluids
10.3 Pressure in Fluids

8. Measured in pascals (Pa – N/m2)
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure depends on the Force and the area that the force is spread over.
Measured in pascals (Pa – N/m2)
10.3

9. Low pressure Force is body weight – large surface area High pressure
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Low pressure
Force is body weight –
large surface area
High pressure
small surface area
10.3

10. Pressure in a fluid Pressure is equal on all sides
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure in a fluid
Pressure is equal on
all sides
If not – object would
accelerate
10.3

11. Pressure depends on depth in a fluid
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure depends on depth in a fluid
If we pick a cube of the fluid
For the bottom of the cube
10.3

12. Pressure depends on depth in a fluid
10.3 Pressure in Fluids
Pressure depends on depth in a fluid
Volume is A x height (y) so
Now in the Pressure equation
10.3

13. 10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Fluids
10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure

14. 10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Air pressure – we are at the bottom of a pool of air
99% is in the first 30 km
But extends out to beyond geosynchronous orbit (36500 km)
10.4

15. 10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Pressure also varies with weather (high and low pressures)
10.4

16. 10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
How does a person suck drink up a straw?
Pressure at the top is reduced
What is the pressure at the
bottom?
Since
Then
Area at the top and bottom
are the same so net force up
P=0
P=P0+rgy
10.4

17. 10.4 Atmospheric Pressure and Gauge Pressure
Nothing in physics ever sucks
Pressure is reduced at one end
Gauge Pressure – beyond atmospheric pressure
Absolute pressure
10.4

18. Fluids
10.5 Pascal’s Principle

19. This is called the mechanical advantage
10.5 Pascal’s Principle
Pascal’s principle – if an external pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure at every point within the fluid increases by that amount.
This is called the mechanical advantage
Pascal Applet
10.5

20. Fluids
10.7 Barometer

21. How does a manometer work? Closed tube Open tube
10.6 Barometer
How does a manometer work?
Closed tube
Open tube
10.6

22. 10.6 Barmometer
Aneroid barometer
Push Me
10.6

23. 10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Fluids
10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle

24. 10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyancy – the upward force on an object due to differences in pressure
Pressure on the top of the box is y1
10.7

25. 10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Buoyancy – the upward force on an object due difference is pressure
Pressure on the bottom of the box is
Solve both for Force
Net force is the buoyant force y1 y2
10.7

26. 10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Net Force (sum of forces)
Simplified
What is A x Dy?
10.7

27. 10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Archimedes’ principle – the buoyant force on an object immersed in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object
Since the water ball is supported by the forces
The ball must experience the same forces as the displaced water
10.7

28. 10.7 Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
Example: When a crown of mass 14.7 kg is submerged in water, an accurate scale reads only 13.4 kg. Is the crown made of gold? (r=19300 kg/m3)
If WA is the apparent weight
Weight can be written as
Using these equations
10.7

29. 10.8 Fluids in Motion: Equation of Continuity

30. 10.8 Fluids in Motion: Equation of Continuity
Fluid Dynamics – fluids in motion
Laminar Flow – smooth
Turbulent Flow – erratic, eddy current
We’ll deal with Laminar flow
10.8

31. 10.8 Fluids in Motion: Equation of Continuity
Mass flow rate – mass per unit time
Using the diagram
Since no fluid
is lost, flow rate
must remain
constant A1 A2
Dx1
Dx2 v1 v2
10.8

32. Fluids
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation

33. 10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s principle – where the velocity of a fluid is high, the pressure is low, and where the velocity is low, the pressure is high
We will assume
Lamnar flow
Constant flow
Low viscosity
Incompresible fluid
10.9

34. Let us assume a tube with fluid flow
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
Let us assume a tube with fluid flow
The diameter changes, and it also changes elevation v2 A1 A2
Dx1 v1 y2 y1
Dx1
10.9

35. Work done at point one (by fluid before point 1) At point 2
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation A1 A2
Dx1 y1 y2 v1 v2
Work done at point one (by fluid before point 1)
At point 2
10.9

36. Work is also done lifting the water
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation A1 A2
Dx1 y1 y2 v1 v2
Work is also done lifting
the water
10.9

37. Total work is then But work is DK And mass can be written as
10.9 Bernoulli’s Equation
Combining
Substitute for mass
Since mass stays constant, so must the volume
Total work is then
But work is DK
And mass can be written as
All the volumes cancel out
10.9

38. This is Bernoulli’s Equations
It is a statement of the law of conservation of energy
10.9

39. 10.10 Application of Bernoulli’s Principle
Fluids
10.10 Application of Bernoulli’s Principle

40. 10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Velocity of a liquid flowing from a spigot or hole in a tank.
If we assume
that the top
has a much
greater area
than the bottom, v at the top is nearly 0
And both are open to the air so P is the same
10.9

41. 10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
The density cancels out
Rewrite to solve for v
10.9

42. 10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Another case is if fluid is flowing horizontally
Speed is high where pressure is low
Speed is low where pressure is high
Ping pong ball in air flow
10.9

43. 10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Airplane Wings
Air flows faster over the top – pressure is lower
Net Force is upward
10.9

44. 10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Sailboat moving into the wind
Air travels farther and
faster on the outside of
the sail – lower pressure
Net force is into the wind
10.9

45. 10.10 Applications of Bernoulli’s Principle
Curve ball
ball spins
curves toward
area of high
speed – low
pressure
10.9