1. HISTORY OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES BY: RODESA S. CANACO BSIT 1-1

2. Pre-1950’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 1943–45PlankalkülPlankalkül (concept)Konrad Zuse* 1943–46ENIAC coding system John von NeumannJohn von Neumann, John Mauchly, J. Presper Eckert, Herman Goldstine after Alan TuringJohn MauchlyJ. Presper EckertHerman GoldstineAlan Turing * 1946ENIAC Short Code Richard Clippinger, John von Neumann after Alan TuringJohn von NeumannAlan Turing ENIAC coding system 1946 Von Neumann and Goldstine graphing systemVon Neumann and Goldstine graphing system(Notation) John von NeumannJohn von Neumann and Herman GoldstineHerman Goldstine ENIAC coding system 1947ARC AssemblyKathleen Booth [1][2] ENIAC coding system 1948CPC Coding schemeHoward H. AikenAnalytical Engine order code 1948Curry notation systemHaskell CurryENIAC coding system 1948 PlankalkülPlankalkül (concept published) Konrad Zuse* 1949Short Code John MauchlyJohn Mauchly and William F. Schmitt ENIAC Short Code

3. 1950’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 1950Short Code William F Schmidt, Albert B. Tonik, [3] J.R. Logan [3] Brief Code 1950Birkbeck AssemblerKathleen BoothARC 1951SuperplanHeinz RutishauserPlankalkül 1951ALGAE Edward A Voorhees and Karl Balke * 1951 Intermediate Programming Language Arthur BurksShort Code 1951Regional Assembly LanguageMaurice WilkesEDSAC 1951 Boehm unnamed coding system Corrado BöhmCPC Coding scheme 1951KlammerausdrückeKonrad ZusePlankalkül 1951 OMNIBAC Symbolic Assembler Charles KatzShort Code 1951StanislausStanislaus (Notation)Fritz Bauer* 1951Whirlwind assembler Charles Adams and Jack Gilmore at MIT Project WhirlwindMITProject Whirlwind EDSAC 1951Rochester assemblerNat RochesterEDSAC 1951Sort Merge GeneratorBetty Holberton* 1952A-0Grace HopperShort Code 1952Glennie Autocode Alick GlennieAlick Glennie after Alan TuringAlan Turing CPC Coding scheme 1952Editing GeneratorMilly KossSORT/MERGE 1952COMPOOLRAND/SDC* 1953SpeedcodingJohn W. Backus*

4. 1953READ/PRINT Don Harroff, James Fishman, George Ryckman * 1954Laning and Zierler system Laning, Zierler, Adams at MIT Project WhirlwindMITProject Whirlwind * 1954Mark I AutocodeTony BrookerGlennie Autocode 1954–55FortranFortran (concept) Team led by John W. Backus at IBMJohn W. BackusIBM Speedcoding 1954ARITH-MATIC Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVACGrace Hopper A-0 1954MATH-MATICTeam led by Charles KatzA-0 1954MATRIX MATHH G Kahrimanian* 1954IPL IIPL I (concept) Allen NewellAllen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. SimonCliff ShawHerbert A. Simon * 1955FLOW-MATIC Team led by Grace Hopper at UNIVACGrace Hopper A-0 1955BACAICM. Grems and R. Porter 1955PACT ISHAREFORTRAN, A-2 1955Freiburger Code [4][5] University of FreiburgN/A 1955–56 Sequentielle Formelübersetzung Fritz BauerFritz Bauer and Karl Samelson Boehm 1955–56ITTeam led by Alan PerlisAlan PerlisLaning and Zierler 1955PRINTIBM 1958IPL IIIPL II (implementation) Allen NewellAllen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. SimonCliff ShawHerbert A. Simon IPL I 1956–58LISPLISP (concept)John McCarthyIPL 1957COMTRANBob BemerFLOW-MATIC

5. 1957GEORGECharles Leonard Hamblin* 1957Fortran IFortran I (implementation)John W. BackusJohn W. Backus at IBMIBMFORTRAN 1957–58UNICODERemington Rand UNIVACMATH-MATIC 1957COMITCOMIT (concept)* 1958Fortran II Team led by John W. Backus at IBMJohn W. BackusIBM FORTRAN I 1958ALGOL 58ALGOL 58 (IAL)ACM/GAMM FORTRAN, IT, Sequentielle Formelübersetzung 1958IPL V Allen NewellAllen Newell, Cliff Shaw, Herbert A. SimonCliff ShawHerbert A. Simon IPL II 1959FACT Fletcher R. JonesFletcher R. Jones, Roy Nutt, Robert L. PatrickRoy Nutt * 1959COBOLCOBOL (concept)The CODASYL CommitteeCODASYL FLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN, FACT 1959JOVIALJules SchwartzJules Schwartz at SDCSDCALGOL 58 1959LISPLISP (implementation)John McCarthyIPL 1959 MAD – Michigan Algorithm Decoder Bruce ArdenBruce Arden, Bernard Galler, and Robert M. GrahamBernard GallerRobert M. Graham ALGOL 58 1959TRACTRAC (concept)Calvin Mooers

6. 1960’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 1960ALGOL 60ALGOL 58 1960COBOL 61COBOL 61 (implementation)The CODASYL CommitteeCODASYLFLOW-MATIC, COMTRAN 1961COMITCOMIT (implementation)* 1962FORTRAN IVIBMFORTRAN II 1962APLAPL (concept)Kenneth E. Iverson* 1962SimulaSimula (concept)ALGOL 60 1962SNOBOLRalph GriswoldRalph Griswold, et al.FORTRAN II, COMIT 1963CPL Barron, Christopher Strachey, et al.Christopher Strachey ALGOL 60 1963SNOBOLSNOBOL3GriswoldGriswold, et al.SNOBOL 1963ALGOL 68ALGOL 68 (concept) Adriaan van WijngaardenAdriaan van Wijngaarden, et al. ALGOL 60 1963JOSS ICliff Shaw, RANDRANDALGOL 58 1964MIMICH. E. Petersen, et al.MIDAS 1964COWSEL Rod BurstallRod Burstall, Robin PopplestoneRobin Popplestone CPL, LISP 1964PL/IPL/I (concept)IBMALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN 1964BASIC John George KemenyJohn George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth CollegeThomas Eugene KurtzDartmouth College FORTRAN II, JOSS 1964IBM RPGIBMFARGO 1964Mark-IVInformatics 1964Speakeasy-2 Stanley Cohen at Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne National Laboratory Speakeasy 1964TRACTRAC (implementation)Calvin Mooers

7. 1964P′′Corrado Böhm* 1964?IITRAN 1965RPG IIIBMFARGOFARGO, RPGRPG 1965MAD/IMAD/I (concept)University of MichiganMADMAD, ALGOL 60, PL/IALGOL 60PL/I 1965TELCOMPBBNJOSS 1965Atlas Autocode Tony BrookerTony Brooker, Derrick Morris at Manchester UniversityManchester University Algol 60Algol 60, AutocodeAutocode 1966JOSS IIChuck Baker, RANDRANDJOSS I 1966ALGOL WNiklaus WirthNiklaus Wirth, C. A. R. HoareC. A. R. HoareALGOL 60 1966FORTRAN 66FORTRAN IV 1966ISWIMISWIM (Concept)Peter J. LandinLISP 1966CORAL66ALGOL 60 1966APLAPL (implementation) [6] [6] Kenneth E. Iverson* 1967BCPLMartin RichardsCPL 1967MUMPS Massachusetts General Hospital FORTRAN, TELCOMP 1967Simula 67Simula 67 (implementation) Ole-Johan DahlOle-Johan Dahl, Bjørn Myhrhaug, Kristen Nygaard at Norsk RegnesentralKristen NygaardNorsk Regnesentral ALGOL 60 1967InterLispD.G. Bobrow and D.L. MurphyLisp 1967SNOBOLSNOBOL4Ralph GriswoldRalph Griswold, et al.SNOBOL3 1967XPL William McKeeman, et al. at University of California Santa Cruz, California J. J. Horning, et al. at Stanford UniversityUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Cruz, California J. J. HorningStanford University PL/I 1967 Space Programming LanguageSpace Programming Language(SPL) System Development Corporation JOVIAL 1968 ALGOL 68ALGOL 68 (UNESCO/IFIPstandard)UNESCOIFIP Adriaan van WijngaardenAdriaan van Wijngaarden, Barry J. Mailloux, John E. L. Peck and Cornelis H. A. Koster, et al.Barry J. MaillouxJohn E. L. PeckCornelis H. A. Koster ALGOL 60

8. 1968POP-1 Rod BurstallRod Burstall, Robin PopplestoneRobin Popplestone COWSEL 1968DIBOL-8DECDIBOL 1968ForthForth (concept)Moore 1968LOGOSeymour PapertLISP 1968MAPPERUnisysCRT RPS 1968REFALREFAL (implementation)Valentin Turchin* 1968TTMTTM (implementation) Steven Caine and E. Kent Gordon, California Institute of TechnologyCalifornia Institute of Technology GAP, GPM 1968PILOT John Amsden StarkweatherJohn Amsden Starkweather, University of California, San FranciscoUniversity of California, San Francisco Computest 1969PL/IPL/I (implementation)IBMALGOL 60, COBOL, FORTRAN 1969B Ken ThompsonKen Thompson, with contributions from Dennis RitchieDennis Ritchie BCPL 1969PPL Thomas A. Standish at Harvard UniversityHarvard University 1969SETL Jack SchwartzJack Schwartz at Courant Institute of Mathematical SciencesCourant Institute of Mathematical Sciences 1969TUTOR Paul Tenczar & University of Illinois at Urbana-ChampaignUniversity of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign 1969Edinburgh IMPEdinburgh University Algol 60Algol 60, Autocode, Atlas AutocodeAutocodeAtlas Autocode

9. 1970’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 1970?ForthForth (implementation)Charles H. Moore 1970POP-2POP-1 1970PascalNiklaus WirthNiklaus Wirth, Kathleen JensenALGOL 60, ALGOL W 1970BLISS Wulf, Russell, Habermann at Carnegie Mellon UniversityCarnegie Mellon University ALGOL 1971KRL Daniel G. BobrowDaniel G. Bobrow at Xerox PARC, Terry Winograd at Stanford UniversityXerox PARCTerry WinogradStanford University KMKM, FRL (MIT) 1971Sue Ric HoltRic Holt et al. at University of TorontoUniversity of Toronto Pascal, XPL 1971CDL Cornelis H.A. KosterCornelis H.A. Koster at University of NijmegenUniversity of Nijmegen 1972Smalltalk Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr.Daniel Henry Holmes Ingalls, Jr., Xerox PARCXerox PARC Simula 67 1972PL/MGary KildallGary Kildall at Digital ResearchDigital ResearchPL/I, ALGOL, XPL 1972CDennis RitchieB, BCPL, ALGOL 68 1972INTERCALDon WoodsDon Woods and James M. Lyon* 1972PrologAlain Colmerauer2-level W-Grammar 1972SQLSQL aka structured query languageIBMALPHA, Quel(Ingres) 1973COMALBørge Christensen, Benedict LøfstedtPascal, BASIC 1973MLRobin Milner 1973LIS Jean IchbiahJean Ichbiah et al. at CII Honeywell BullCII Honeywell Bull Pascal, Sue 1973Speakeasy-3 Stanley Cohen, Steven Pieper at Argonne National LaboratoryArgonne National Laboratory Speakeasy-2 1974CLUBarbara LiskovALGOL 60, Lisp, Simula 1974GRASSThomas A. DeFantiBASIC 1974BASIC FOURMAI BASIC Four Inc.Business BASIC

10. 1974PROSE modeling languageCDC 6600CDC 6600 Cybernet ServicesSLANG, FORTRAN 1975ABC Leo Geurts and Lambert MeertensLambert Meertens SETL 1975Irvine DataflowIrvine Dataflow (concept) Arvind?, University of California, Irvine 1975 PROSE modeling languagePROSE modeling language Time-Sharing Version CDC 6400CDC 6400 Cybernet KRONOS Services SLANG, FORTRAN 1975Scheme Gerald Jay SussmanGerald Jay Sussman, Guy L. Steele, Jr.Guy L. Steele, Jr. LISP 1975Altair BASICBill GatesBill Gates, Paul AllenPaul AllenBASIC 1975CS-4 James S. Miller, Benjamin M. Brosgol et al. at IntermetricsIntermetrics ALGOL 68, BLISS, ECL, HAL 1975ModulaNiklaus WirthPascal 1976Plus Allan Ballard, Paul Whaley at the University of British ColumbiaUniversity of British Columbia Pascal, Sue 1976SmalltalkSmalltalk-76Xerox PARCSmalltalk-72 1976MesaXerox PARCALGOL 1976SAM76Claude A.R. KaganLISP, TRAC 1976RatforBrian KernighanC, FORTRAN 1976SJohn ChambersJohn Chambers at Bell LabsBell LabsAPL, PPL, Scheme 1976SASSAS Institute 1977FPJohn Backus* 1977Bourne ShellBourne Shell (sh)Stephen R. Bourne* 1977Commodore BASICJack TramielLicensed from MicrosoftMicrosoft 1977IDL David Stern of Research Systems Inc Fortran 1977Standard MUMPSMUMPS

11. 1977Standard MUMPSMUMPS 1977IconIcon (concept)Ralph GriswoldSNOBOL 1977Red Benjamin M. Brosgol et al. at Intermetrics for US Dept of DefenseIntermetricsUS Dept of Defense ALGOL 68, CS-4 1977Blue John B. GoodenoughJohn B. Goodenough et al. at SofTech for US Dept of DefenseSofTechUS Dept of Defense ALGOL 68 1977Yellow Jay Spitzen et al. at SRI International for US Dept of DefenseSRI InternationalUS Dept of Defense ALGOL 68 1978C shellBill JoyC 1978RPG IIIIBMFARGOFARGO, RPG, RPG IIRPGRPG II 1978HAL/S designed by Intermetrics for NASA XPL 1975 Irvine DataflowIrvine Dataflow (implementation) Arvind and Gostelow, University of California, Irvine 1978?MATLAB Cleve MolerCleve Moler at the University of New MexicoUniversity of New Mexico Fortran 1978?SMALL Nevil Brownlee at the University of AucklandUniversity of Auckland Algol60 1978VisiCalc Dan BricklinDan Bricklin, Bob Frankston marketed by VisiCorpBob FrankstonVisiCorp * 1979Modula-2Niklaus WirthModula, Mesa 1979REXXMike CowlishawMike Cowlishaw at IBMIBMPL/I, BASIC, EXEC 2 1979AWK Alfred AhoAlfred Aho, Peter J. Weinberger, Brian KernighanPeter J. WeinbergerBrian Kernighan C, SNOBOL 1979IconIcon (implementation)Ralph GriswoldSNOBOL 1979Vulcan dBase-IIWayne Ratliff*

12. 1980’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 1980Ada 80Ada 80 (MIL-STD-1815) Jean IchbiahJean Ichbiah at CII Honeywell BullCII Honeywell Bull Green 1980C with classesBjarne Stroustrup [7] C, Simula 67 1980–81CBASICGordon Eubanks BASIC, Compiler Systems, Digital Research 1981BBC BASIC Acorn ComputersAcorn Computers, Sophie WilsonSophie Wilson BASIC 1981IBM BASICAMicrosoftBASIC 1982?Speakeasy-IV Stanley Cohen, et al. at Speakeasy Computing CorporationSpeakeasy Computing Corporation Speakeasy-3 1982?DracoChris GrayPascalPascal, C, ALGOL 68CALGOL 68 1982PostScriptWarnockInterPress 1983GW-BASICMicrosoftIBM BASICA 1983Turbo PascalHejlsbergHejlsberg at BorlandBorlandPascal 1983 Ada 83Ada 83 (ANSI/MIL-STD- 1815A) Jean IchbiahJean Ichbiah at AlsysAlsysAda 80, Green 1983Objective-CBrad CoxSmalltalk, C 1983C++Bjarne StroustrupC with Classes 1983True BASIC John George KemenyJohn George Kemeny, Thomas Eugene Kurtz at Dartmouth CollegeThomas Eugene KurtzDartmouth College BASIC 1983occamDavid MayEPL 1983?ABAPSAP AGCOBOL 1983Korn ShellKorn Shell (ksh)David Kornsh 1984CLIPPERNantucketdBase 1984Common Lisp Guy L. Steele, Jr.Guy L. Steele, Jr. and many others LISP

13. 1987MathematicaWolfram Research* 1987Turbo BasicRobert 'Bob' ZaleBASIC/Z 1987Clean Software Technology Research Group of Radboud University NijmegenRadboud University Nijmegen * 1988RPG/400IBMFARGOFARGO, RPG, RPG II, RPG IIIRPGRPG IIRPG III 1988OctaveMATLAB 1988TclJohn OusterhoutAwk, Lisp 1988STOS BASIC François LionetFrançois Lionet and Constantin SotiropoulosConstantin Sotiropoulos BASIC 1988Object REXXSimon C. NashREXX, Smalltalk 1988SPARKBernard A. CarréAda 1988A+Arthur WhitneyAPL 1988Hamilton C shellNicole HamiltonC shell 1989Turbo Pascal OOPAnders HejlsbergAnders Hejlsberg at BorlandBorlandTurbo Pascal, Object Pascal 1989Modula-3Cardeli, et al. DEC and OlivettiDECOlivettiModula-2 1989PowerBASICRobert 'Bob' ZaleTurbo Basic 1989VisSimPeter Darnell, Visual SolutionsVisual Solutions 1989LPCLars Pensjö 1989BashBrian Fox Bourne shellBourne shell, C shell, Korn shellC shellKorn shell

14. 1990’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 1990AMOS BASIC François LionetFrançois Lionet and Constantin SotiropoulosConstantin Sotiropoulos STOS BASIC 1990AMPL Robert FourerRobert Fourer, David Gay and Brian Kernighan at Bell LaboratoriesBrian KernighanBell Laboratories 1990Object Oberon H Mössenböck, J Templ, R Griesemer Oberon 1990J Kenneth E. IversonKenneth E. Iverson, Roger Hui at Iverson SoftwareRoger Hui APL, FP 1990HaskellMiranda 1990EuLispCommon LispCommon Lisp, Scheme 1990Z ShellZ Shell (zsh) Paul Falstad at Princeton UniversityPrinceton University ksh 1991GNU E David J. DeWitt, Michael J. Carey C++ 1991Oberon-2Hanspeter Mössenböck, WirthWirthObject Oberon 1991PythonGuido van Rossum ABCABC, ALGOL 68, Icon, Modula-3ALGOL 68IconModula-3 1991OzGert Smolka and his studentsProlog 1991QAlbert Gräf 1991Visual BasicAlan CooperAlan Cooper, sold to MicrosoftMicrosoftQuickBASIC 1992Borland PascalTurbo Pascal OOP 1992Dylan many people at Apple Computer Inc.Apple Computer Inc. Common LispCommon Lisp, Scheme 1993?SelfSelf (implementation)Sun MicrosystemsSun Microsystems Inc.Smalltalk 1993Amiga EWouter van OortmerssenDEX, C, Modula-2 1993BrainfuckUrban MüllerP′′ 1993Revolution TranscriptHyperTalk 1993AppleScriptApple Computer Inc.HyperTalk

15. 1993KArthur WhitneyAPL, Lisp 1993Lua Roberto IerusalimschyRoberto Ierusalimschy et al. at Tecgraf, PUC-RioTecgraf, PUC-Rio Scheme, SNOBOL, Modula, CLU, C++ 1993R Robert GentlemanRobert Gentleman and Ross IhakaRoss Ihaka S 1993ZPL Chamberlain et al. at University of WashingtonUniversity of Washington C 1993NewtonScriptWalter SmithSelf, Dylan 1994ClaireYves Caseau Smalltalk, SETL, OPS5, Lisp, ML, C, LORE, LAURE 1994ANSI Common LispCommon Lisp 1994RAPIDABB GroupARLA 1994Pike Fredrik Hübinette et al. at Linköping UniversityLinköping University LPCLPC, C, µLPC 1994ANS ForthElizabeth RatherElizabeth Rather, et al.Forth 1995Ada 95 S. Tucker Taft, et al. at Intermetrics, Inc. Ada 83 1995Borland DelphiAnders HejlsbergAnders Hejlsberg at BorlandBorlandBorland Pascal 1995ColdFusion (CFML)Allaire 1995Java James GoslingJames Gosling at Sun MicrosystemsSun Microsystems C, Simula 67, C++, Smalltalk, Ada 83, Objective-C, Mesa 1995LiveScriptBrendan EichBrendan Eich at NetscapeNetscapeSelf, C, Scheme 1995Mercury Zoltan SomogyiZoltan Somogyi at University of MelbourneUniversity of Melbourne Prolog, Hope, Haskell 1995PHPRasmus LerdorfPerl 1995RubyYukihiro MatsumotoSmalltalk, Perl 1995JavaScriptBrendan EichBrendan Eich at NetscapeNetscapeLiveScript 1996Curl David Kranz, Steve Ward, Chris Terman at MITMIT Lisp, C++, Tcl/Tk, TeX, HTML 1996Lasso Blue World Communications Inc.

16. 1996Perl Data LanguagePerl Data Language (PDL) Karl GlazebrookKarl Glazebrook, Jarle Brinchmann, Tuomas Lukka, and Christian SoellerJarle BrinchmannTuomas LukkaChristian Soeller APL, Perl 1996OCamlINRIACaml Light, Standard ML 1996NetRexxMike CowlishawREXX 1997Component PascalOberon microsystems, IncOberon-2 1997EMark S. MillerJoule, Original-E 1997PicoFree University of BrusselsBrusselsScheme 1997SqueakSqueak Smalltalk Alan KayAlan Kay, et al. at Apple Computer Inc.Apple Computer Inc. Smalltalk-80, Self 1997ECMAScriptECMAECMA TC39-TG1JavaScript 1997F-ScriptPhilippe MouginSmalltalk, APL, Objective-C 1997ISLISPISO Standard ISLISPCommon Lisp 1997TeaJorge NunesJavaJava, Scheme, TclSchemeTcl 1997REBOL Carl SassenrathCarl Sassenrath, Rebol Technologies SelfSelf, Forth, Lisp, LogoForthLispLogo 1998Standard C++ANSI/ISO Standard C++C++, Standard C, C 1998Open Source ErlangEricssonErlang 1998M2001 Ronald E. Prather, Trinity University (Texas)Trinity University (Texas) * 1998Pikt Robert Osterlund (then at University of Chicago)University of Chicago AWK, Perl, Unix shell 1998PureBasic Frederic Laboureur, Fantaisie Software 1998UnrealScriptTim SweeneyTim Sweeney at Epic GamesEpic GamesC++, Java 1999XSLTXSLT (+ XPath)XPathW3CW3C, James ClarkJames ClarkDSSSL 1999Game Maker LanguageGame Maker Language(GML)Mark OvermarsGame Maker 1999HarbourAntonio LinaresdBase

17. 2000’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 2000Join JavaG Stewart von ItzsteinJava 2000ActionScriptGary GrossmanECMAScript 2000JoyManfred von ThunFP, Forth 2000DWalter BrightWalter Bright, Digital MarsC, C++, C#, Java 2000XLChristophe de DinechinAda, C++, Lisp 2000C# Anders HejlsbergAnders Hejlsberg, Microsoft (ECMA)MicrosoftECMA C, C++, Java, Delphi, Modula-2 2000FeriteChris Ross C, C++, Java, PHP, Python, Ruby, Scheme 2001AspectJGregor KiczalesGregor Kiczales, Xerox PARCXerox PARCJava, Common Lisp 2001ProcessingCasey ReasCasey Reas and Benjamin FryBenjamin FryJava 2001Visual Basic.NETMicrosoftVisual Basic 2001 RPG IV (RPGLE, ILE RPG, RPG Free) IBM FARGOFARGO, RPG, RPG II, RPG III, RPG/400RPGRPG IIRPG IIIRPG/400 2001GDScriptGDScript (GDS)OKAM StudioGodot 2002IoSteve DekorteSelf, NewtonScript 2002GosuGuidewire SoftwareGScript 2003NemerleUniversity of WrocławWrocławC#, ML, MetaHaskellML 2003FactorSlava PestovJoy, Forth, Lisp 2003FalconGiancarlo Niccolai C++, Perl, Lua, Smalltalk, PHP, Lisp, Python, Ruby 2003ScalaMartin Odersky Smalltalk, Java, Haskell, Standard ML, OCaml 2003SquirrelAlberto DemichelisLua

18. 2004SubtextJonathan Edwards* 2004Alma-0 Krzysztof Apt, Centrum Wiskunde & InformaticaCentrum Wiskunde & Informatica * 2004BooRodrigo B. de OliveiraPython, C# 2004FreeBASICAndre VictorQBasic 2004GroovyJames StrachanJava 2004Little b Aneil Mallavarapu, Harvard Medical School, Department of Systems BiologyHarvard Medical School Lisp 2005F#Don SymeDon Syme, Microsoft ResearchMicrosoft ResearchOCaml, C#, Haskell 2005Seed7Thomas Mertes* 2006Links Philip WadlerPhilip Wadler, University of EdinburghUniversity of Edinburgh Haskell 2006CobraChuckEsterbrookPython, C#, Eiffel, Objective-C 2006Windows PowerShellMicrosoftC#, ksh, Perl, CL, DCL, SQLCLDCL 2006OptimJAtejiJava 2007Ada 2005Ada Rapporteur GroupAda 95 2007FantomBrian Frank, Andy FrankC#, Scala, Ruby, Erlang 2007Scratch Mitchel ResnickMitchel Resnick, John Maloney, Natalie Rusk, Evelyn Eastmond, Tammy Stern, Amon Millner, Jay Silver, and Brian Silverman LogoLogo, Smalltalk, Squeak, E- Toys, HyperCard, AgentSheets, StarLogo, Tweak, BYOBSmalltalkSqueakE- ToysHyperCardBYOB 2007ValaGNOMEC# 2007ClojureRich HickeyLispLisp, ML, Haskell, ErlangMLHaskellErlang 2007FortressGuy SteeleScalaScala, ML, HaskellMLHaskell 2007Oberon-07Wirth [8] Oberon 2007LOLCODEAdam Lindsay* 2008GenieJamie McCrackenPythonPython, Boo, D, Object PascalBooDObject Pascal

19. 2008PureAlbert GräfQ 2009GoGoogleCC, Oberon, LimboOberonLimbo 2009CoffeeScriptJeremy Ashkenas JavaScriptJavaScript, Ruby, Python, Ha skellRubyPythonHa skell 2009IdrisEdwin BradyHaskellHaskell, Agda, CoqAgdaCoq 2009ParasailS. Tucker Taft, AdaCoreAdaCoreModulaModula, Ada, Pascal, MLAdaPascalML

20. 2010’s YearNameChief developer, CompanyPredecessor(s) 2010ChapelBrad Chamberlain, Cray Inc.Cray Inc.HPFHPF, ZPLZPL 2010RPG Open AccessIBM FARGOFARGO, RPG, RPG II, RPG III, RPG 400, RPG IV (RPGLE, ILE RPG, RPG Free)RPGRPG IIRPG IIIRPG 400RPG IV (RPGLE, ILE RPG, RPG Free) 2010RustGraydon Hoare, MozillaMozilla AlefAlef, C++, Camlp4, Common Lisp, Erlang, Hermes, Limbo, Napier, Napier88,Newsqueak, NIL, Sather, Standard MLC++Camlp4Common LispErlangHermesLimboNapier88NewsqueakSatherStandard ML 2011CeylonGavin King, Red HatRed HatJava 2011DartGoogle JavaJava, JavaScript, CoffeeScript, GoJavaScriptCoffeeScriptGo 2011ElmEvan Czaplicki HaskellHaskell, Standard ML, OCaml, F#Standard MLOCamlF# 2011KotlinJetBrainsJavaJava, Scala, Groovy, C#, GosuScalaGroovyC#Gosu 2011C++11C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2011C++, Standard C, C 2012ElixirJosé ValimErlangErlang, Ruby, ClojureRubyClojure 2012TypeScriptAnders HejlsbergAnders Hejlsberg, MicrosoftMicrosoftJavaScriptJavaScript, CoffeeScriptCoffeeScript 2012Julia Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral Shah, Alan EdelmanAlan Edelman CC, Fortran, Lisp, Lua, MATLAB, Perl, Python, R, Ruby, Schem e, Wolfram Language. [9]FortranLispLuaMATLABPerlPythonRRubySchem eWolfram Language [9] 2012Ada 2012 ARA and Ada Europe (ISO/IEC 8652:2012) Ada 2005, ISO/IEC 8652:1995/Amd 1:2007 2014HackFacebookPHP 2014SwiftApple Inc. Objective- CObjective- C, Rust, Haskell, Ruby, Pytho n, C#, CLURustHaskellRubyPytho nC#CLU 2014C++14C++ ISO/IEC 14882:2014C++C++, Standard C, CC

21. All rights reserved 2015 E-mail me at: rcanaco02@yahoo.comrcanaco02@yahoo.com