Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Presentation is loading. Please wait.

Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that.

Similar presentations


Presentation on theme: "Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that."— Presentation transcript:

1 Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that website is available. Images lacking photo credits are mine and, as long as you are engaged in non-profit educational missions, you have my permission to use my images and slides in your teaching. However, please notice that some of the images in these slides have an associated URL photo credit to provide you with the location of their original source within internet cyberspace. Those images may have separate copyright protection. If you are seeking permission for use of those images, you need to consult the original sources for such permission; they are NOT mine to give you permission.

2 How did we get from Linnaean Taxonomy…
2 3 5 6 8 Bacteria Archaea Archezoans Euglenoids Chrysophytes Green Algae Brown Algae Red algae Slime Molds True Fungi Bryophytes Tracheophytes Protozoans Myxozoans Multicellular Animals

3 To a tree-like concept of organisms?
Extant Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria 0.5 Land! Animals 1 Multicellular 2 First Eukaryotes Extinct 3 Cyanobacterial Oxygen Long Time with Prokaryotes only 4 BYBP Origin of Life Original Cell

4 Emil Hans (Willi) Hennig German entomologist
Hennig developed a mechanism (cladistics) to find the pathways of evolution among related organisms. It is based not only on what one sees, but on many kinds of evidence, including molecular sequences. The pathways are determined by virtue of shared derived characteristics (synapomorphies). Rather than putting organisms into Linnean taxonomic “boxes,” the cladistics process shows the pathway of evolution. Emil Hans (Willi) Hennig German entomologist

5 Evidence Categories History - clearer recently, more obscure anciently
Fossils - stratigraphic depth, isotope decay, etc. Chemical - metabolic products such as O2, Ss Molecular - DNA sequence alterations, etc. Developmental sequences - onto- phylo- geny Biogeography - Pangea, Gondwana & Laurasia

6 How do we find the Evolution Pathway?
Phylogenetic Systematics Inferences from comparison of extant organisms Characters-Attributes of the organism Anatomy Morphology Development Physiology Macromolecule Sequences Polarizing Character States Plesiomorphies-Ancient, shared by descendants Apomorphies-More-recent derivatives Synapomorphy-Shared among related organisms Autapomorphy-Found only in one organism Use of outgroup to compare to ingroup

7 Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant B A’ A” A’”
This branching of evolution is called cladogenesis (aka: macroevolution). Extinct Transitional Forms A’ is the common ancestor of extant A and extant B Time This straight line of evolution is called anagenesis (aka: microevolution). Common Ancestor Ancient

8 5 species of frogs found locally What could have made them speciate?
Rana sylvatica Wood Frog Rana sphenocephala Leopard Frog Rana catesbeiana Bull Frog What could have made them speciate? Rana palustris Pickerel Frog Rana clamitans Green Frog

9 Mating Activity Leopard frog Pickerel frog Wood frog Green frog
Could the size of the pond, availability of tadpole food, etc. be pivotal? Which frog was mating in mid-March? Which frog was mating in early May? When were three species of frog mating? Why do you think Green and Bull frogs mated so much later? Leopard frog Pickerel frog Wood frog Green frog Bull frog Mating Activity March April May June July Figure 1. Hypothetical phenology of frog mating behavior in a pond in the north temperate zone.

10 Grand Canyon squirrels:
Sciurus aberti kaibabensis Sciurus aberti aberti ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company North Rim South Rim

11 Model of geographic speciation:
interbreeding between populations decreases Kaibab Squirrel North Rim one species with unrestricted interbreeding erosion begins Grand Canyon prevents interbreeding Abert Squirrel South Rim Time (10,000 years)

12 Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant C Extant B A’
A’ A B constitute a clade A” C are a grade (is paraphyletic) A” Time A” C A’ A B are a clade (is monophyletic) A’” A’ A B is the sister group of C Common Ancestor Ancient

13 Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant C Extant B Extant D Extant E
D A””’ E are a ? clade A”” Extinct! Common ancestor + A””’ D E are a ? grade A” Time A’” The ABC clade may be, say, a genus. The DE clade may be another genus… in the same family Common Ancestor Ancient The ABCDE clade would be the family

14 Typical Cladogram Present Extant A Extant B Extant C Extant D Extant E
On the other hand… A””’ Extinct! AB are a genus C is a monotypic genus DE are a genus A” Time A”” A’” ABC might be one family DE are in another family Common Ancestor Ancient ABCDE might constitute an order

15 Protists are polyphyletic (unnatural taxon) Extant
Multicellular Animals Myxozoans Protozoans Tracheophytes Bryophytes True Fungi Slime Molds Red algae Brown Algae Green Algae Chrysophytes Euglenoids Archezoans Archaea Bacteria Animals and Fungi are a clade! Plants are a clade (monophyletic) Extinct Eukaryotic organisms are a clade Prokaryotic organisms are a grade (paraphyletic) Living organisms are part of one clade (monophyletic) Original Cell

16 This is the tree-of-life cladogram used by your textbook
Fig Pg 601 It varies in some minor ways, mostly additions. It shows “uncertainty” as a multifurcation.

17 Bacterial Phyla Extant Extinct Gram negative Gram positive
Rhodopseudomonads Purple nonsulfur Extant Mycoplasmas Actinomycetes Prochlorophytes Clostrids Spirochetes Green Sulfur Cyanobacteria Purple Sulfur Desulfovibrios Myxobacteria Rikettsias +Para- site +Chl B -Cell Wall +Parasite H2S +µtubule H2O H2S +Chl A +gliding motility H2O +NAD +bacteriochlorophyll Gram negative +NADP Extinct Each simple line on our tree of life is, in fact, branches with twigs! Each blue hatch mark shows an evolutionary step…mostly biochem! Gram positive Original Cell

18 This is the textbook’s version of the Prokaryotic Cladogram
Fig Pg 577 It differs mostly by addition of the Archaea.

19 A dendrogram is not a cladogram

20 Is this a cladogram?

21 Patterns of evolution Time Divergent Parallel Convergent
Patterns of evolution Divergent Parallel Convergent Time

22 A cladogram of marsupials

23 Notice how the marsupials of Australia are a clade (monophyletic).
This is an area cladogram in which the cladogram is stretched over geographic domains. Notice how the marsupials of Australia are a clade (monophyletic). It is thought that this represents a single colonization followed by adaptive radiation (rapid speciation).

24 Marsupials are convergent with placentals of other continents:
Marsupial mouse: Sminthopsis dolichura ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

25 Marsupials are convergent with placentals of other continents:
Marsupial glider: Petauroides volans ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

26 Marsupials are convergent with placentals of other continents:
Marsupial tiger cat: Dasyurus maculatus ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company

27 Marsupials are convergent with placentals of other continents:
Cuscus: Phalanger maculatus ©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company


Download ppt "Copyright Notice! This PowerPoint slide set is copyrighted by Ross Koning and is thereby preserved for all to use from plantphys.info for as long as that."

Similar presentations


Ads by Google