1. Evolution—change over time, the process by which modern species have descended from ancient organisms

2. Darwin’s Theory of Evolution Who was Charles Darwin? http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution /library/11/2/e_s_2.html

3. Fossil—preserved remains of ancient organisms

5. 1. Geospiza magnirostris. 2. Geospiza fortis. 3. Geospiza parvula. 4. Certhidea olivawea

6. Artificial Selection—selection by humans from natural variation among different organisms for breeding of useful traits

8. Fig. 22-9 Kale Kohlrabi Brussels sprouts Leaves Stem Wild mustard Flowers and stems Broccoli Cauliflower Flower clusters Cabbage Terminal bud Lateral buds

9. Other examples of Artificial Selection?

10. Selective Breeding—method of improving a species by allowing only those individual organisms with desired characteristics to produce offspring

11. Hybridization—breeding technique that involves crossing dissimilar individuals to bring together the best traits of both organisms

15. Other example of hybridization?

16. Genetic engineering—the process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms Ex.-inducing mutations to increase genetic variation

17. Fig. 17-6 (a) Tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene (b) Pig expressing a jellyfish gene

18. Natural variation—genetic differences among individuals of a species Genetic variability starts with natural mutations

19. Fig. 22-10

21. Struggle for Existence— members of each species compete regularly to obtain food, living space, and other necessities of life

22. Adaptation—any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival Camouflage as an example of evolutionary adaptaition

23. Pandora Sphinx Moth Signate Melanophila Moth

24. Luna Moth Polyphemus Moth

25. A stick mantid in Africa A flower mantid in Malaysia

26. Fig. 23-14a (a) Color-changing ability in cuttlefish

27. STOP - 2/29

28. Fig. 23-14b (b) Movable jaw bones in snakes Movable bones

29. Question: What would happen if a well-adapted population experienced a sudden major change in its environment Answer: If the population had a variety of traits some of them may survive and reproduce in the new environment, if not they would probably become extinct

30. Fitness—the ability to survive and reproduce viable offspring

31. Descent with modification— principle that each living species has descended, with changes, from other species over time

32. Common descent—principle that all living things have a common ancestor

33. Homologous structures— structures that have different functions but develop from the same embryonic tissue

34. Fig. 22-17 Humerus Radius Ulna Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges HumanWhale Cat Bat

35. Vestigial organs—organs that serve no useful function

36. Early development The early embryos of many animals with backbones are so similar that they can be hard to tell apart

37. Fig. 22-18 Human embryoChick embryo (LM) Pharyngeal pouches Post-anal tail

38. Biogeography The study of the past and present distribution of species