1. Venus Transit Lou Mayo NASA Sun Earth Connection Education Forum June 8, 2004

2. 0.4AU 0.7AU 1AU 1.5AU 5AU 10AU 20AU 30AU Comparison Solar System Bodies -185C/370C 600C -70C /50C -161C/0C -153C -180C -210C -210C

3. Venus Venus weak magnetic field is an induced field from direct interaction between the solar wind and the ionosphere. Equator to pole temperatures vary by only a couple of degrees Thick CO2 and H2SO4 atmosphere obscures the surface in visible light The solar wind and high atmospheric temperatures contributed to the almost complete loss of any water. Size and Mass ~ Earth’s Magellan Radar Images show evidence for vulcanism

4. Venus’ Role in History Copernican System: 1, Ptolemaic System: 0 Earliest records of observation date back to Babalonians ~3000 B.C. First telescopic observations - Galileo, 1610. –Venus had a cycle which could not be explained by its rotation around the earth –Venus exhibited phases –Venus changed apparent size Cynthiae figuras aemulatur mater amorum. Translated: "the mother of love [Venus] emulates the figures of Cynthia [the Moon]." 1761 Transit was used to measure longitude before there were accurate clocks

5. Venus’ Role in History Size of the Solar System - Revealed! Kepler predicted the transit of December 1631 (though not observed!) and 120 year cycle. Jeremiah Horrocks (born c.1619) predict that a further transit of Venus would occur on 4th December 1639 1761 transit observations partly successful in determining value of A.U. Russian astronomer Mikhail V. Lomonosov, suggests Venus has an atmosphere. Captain James Cook et al., observed the 1769 transit from Tahiti. Local TimeD ( % of Sun's Diameter) 3.15 pm48.06 3.35 pm 45.00 3.45 pm 43.33

6. 1882 Transit (USNO)

7. TRANSIT DATES December 1631 December 1639 June 1761 June 1769 December 1874 December 1882 June 2004 June 2012 December 2117 December 2125

8. It’s All in the Geometry

9.  T = Synodic Period = 583.92 days 8 Earth years ~ 2922 days, 5 Venus synodic periods ~ 2920 days.

10. Aristarchus of Samos (c.310 - 230 BC) Early Estimate of the Astronomical Unit Measured  = 87deg. Therefor: ES/EM = 1 / cos (87 deg) ~ 20 and…  ’ 

11. Another Way…. Therefor, we need the R, radius of the earth...

12. Eratosthenes of Cyrene (c276 - 195 BC) Syene Alexandria 7.2 deg = Circumference = C = 50 x 5000 = 250,000 stades ~ 25,000 miles C = 2  R,… so …. R = C / 2  miles R The actual radius of the Earth is 3,963.21 miles

13. …. And we need the 

14. External Ingress: 05:13:25 UT Internal Ingress: 05:32:52 UT Maximum: 08:19:40 UT Internal Egress: 11:06:30 UT External Egress: 11:25:56 UT Angular speed across disk of sun about 0.4 degrees in 6 hours = 0.07 degrees/hour. Diameter of Venus disk = 58.6 arc seconds. Details of 2004 Visibility

16. Ref: http://www.chocky.demon.co.uk/oas/venus.html

18. Application to Exo Planet Studies HD 209458 (mv = +7.7) in Pegasus

20. 1882, the date of the last Venus transit, quote by William Harkness of the U.S. Naval Observatory (from Sky and Telescope, Feb. 1995): "There will be no other [transit of Venus] till the twenty- first century of our era has dawned upon the earth, and the June flowers are blooming in 2004. When the last transit occurred the intellectual world was awakening from the slumber of ages, and that wondrous scientific activity which has led to our present advanced knowledge was just beginning. What will be the state of science when the next transit season arrives God only knows."