2. 1 Management of Non-Point Source Pollution CE 296B Department of Civil Engineering California State University, Sacramento Lecture #2, January 29, 1998 Clean Water Act - Part I

3. 2 A.Virtually every action now taken in the area of non-point source pollution is driven by requirements in the Federal Clean Water Act (CWA). B.If solutions are to be found that appeal to the broad range of the body politic, adjustments will have to be made to the CWA. In its current form, many provisions are simply unworkable. I.Why are we starting an engineering class with a discussion of a Federal Law?

4. 3 That would be the requirement that beneficial uses be assigned to all receiving waters. A.States are required to identify all receiving waters. These are “waters of the U.S.” The cut-off for minor water bodies is understandably controversial. B.Common law definition: If a canoe can float on it, it is a navigable water, and is a water of the U.S. Other water bodies such as wetlands also are waters of the U.S. II.The CWA is a large, complicated, piece of legislation. We need a good starting place.

5. 4 Discussion Break If a water body is borderline as to whether it will be a “water of the U.S.” different groups of people will have a different perspective on whether that body should be included. –A discharger, say a county, would be inclined to argue no. –An environmental group would be inclined to argue yes. –Some regulators would argue no, and some would argue yes. Why the difference in opinion?

6. 5 C.How was this done in California? The state is divided into 9 regions, roughly based on major hydrologic units. Each region has an appointed board that is responsible for defining beneficial uses. These are called Regional Water Quality Control Boards. II.The CWA is a large, complicated, piece of legislation. We need a good starting place. That would be the requirement that beneficial uses be assigned to all receiving waters. (cont.)

7. 6 California Water Quality Control Regions 1. North Coast 2.Bay Area 3.Central Coast 4.Los Angeles 5.Central Valley 6.Lahontan 7. Colorado River 8.Santa Ana 9.San Diego

8. 7 Discussion Break Why do you think the authority to regulate water quality was divided up in such a manner?

9. 8 D.What are possible beneficial uses? 1.Municipal drinking water supply. 2.Habitat, cold water fish 3.Habitat, warm water fish 4.Contact recreation 5.Navigation 6.Many others. (There will be a homework assignment next Thursday on this.) II.The CWA is a large, complicated, piece of legislation. We need a good starting place. That would be the requirement that beneficial uses be assigned to all receiving waters. (cont.)

10. 9 A.The idea of WQO’s is that: The quality of the water body in question be such that the beneficial uses are achieved. Recall that there are two categories of pollution effects, concentration and mass loading. The WQO’s must address both possibilities. III.The next step is to set Water Quality Standards to meet the beneficial uses. In California, they are called Water Quality Objectives (WQO).

11. 10 Discussion Break How might water quality objectives be set to meet concentration effects? How might water quality objectives be set to meet mass loading effects?

12. 11 B.A WQO may be narrative or numerical. An example of each is: 1.From the Los Angeles Region - narrative: “Waters shall not contain biostimulatory substances in concentrations that promote aquatic growth to the extent that such growth causes nuisance of adversely affects beneficial uses.” III.The next step is to set Water Quality Standards to meet the beneficial uses. In California, they are called Water Quality Objectives (WQO). (cont.)

13. 12 Discussion Break It should be obvious that: “Waters shall not contain biostimulatory substances in concentrations that promote aquatic growth to the extent that such growth causes nuisance of adversely affects beneficial uses.” Leaves much up to interpretation. Question, who likes this approach and who does not?

14. 13 2.From the Central Valley Region, American River - numerical: “The concentration of copper shall not exceed 0.01 mg/L” III.The next step is to set Water Quality Standards to meet the beneficial uses. In California, they are called Water Quality Objectives (WQO). (cont.) B.A WQO may be narrative or numerical. An example of each is: (cont.)

15. 14 Discussion Break This standard is based on toxicity tests where the form of copper was the free ion, Cu +2, state. The free ion form has the greatest amount of toxicity. In the American River, and any other receiving water, copper will exist in many states, Cu +2, inorganic complexes, and organic complexes and that is what we measure. The complexed forms have limited toxicity. Are there better ways to set this numerical standard? Pros? Cons?

16. 15 Yes, in California, a state law, the Porter- Cologne Water Quality Control Act - 1970 provides guidance. “Designated uses and water quality objectives must consider”: A.Past, present, and future beneficial uses; B.Environmental characteristics of the hydrologic unit in question; IV. Are there any other major guidelines for setting beneficial uses and water quality objectives?

17. 16 C.Water quality conditions that could reasonably be achieved through the coordinated control of all factors which affect water quality in the area; D.Economic considerations; IV. Are there any other major guidelines for setting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? Yes, in California, a state law, the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act - 1970 provides guidance. “Designated uses and water quality objectives must consider”: (cont.)

18. 17 E.The need for developing housing within the region; and F.The need to develop and use recycled water. IV. Are there any other major guidelines for setting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? Yes, in California, a state law, the Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act - 1970 provides guidance. “Designated uses and water quality objectives must consider”: (cont.)

19. 18 Discussion Break Past, present, and future beneficial uses; Environmental characteristics of the hydrologic unit in question; Water quality conditions that could reasonably be achieved through the coordinated control of all factors which affect water quality in the area; Economic considerations; The need for developing housing within the region; and The need to develop and use recycled water. Compare lower Colorado River with the Eel River.

20. 19 Discussion Break The Federal Clean Water Act was passed by a democratic congress that had to override a republican presidential veto. The California Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act was passed by a democratic legislature and signed by a republican governor. Does this flavor differences in the two laws?

21. 20 A. In California, the beneficial uses and associated water quality objectives are set by the Regional Boards. B.Oversight is provided by: 1.The State Water Quality Control Board. 2.The United States Environmental Protection Agency. 3.Civil lawsuits by affected third parties. V. Who sets the beneficial uses and water quality objectives? Who oversees the process?

22. 21 C.Is the administrative oversight (State Board and EPA) a two way street? Yes: 1.Dischargers may apply to the State Board to have stringent requirements relaxed. (Note, third parties can then sue the State Board under the CWA.) 2.The State Board and/or EPA may pressure regional boards to be more stringent. V. Who sets the beneficial uses and water quality objectives? Who oversees the process? (cont.)

23. 22 A.The CWA requires that regulated dischargers obtain a discharge permit. That permit is called a NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) Permit. That permit provides the legal enforcement tool to require actions and asses fines. VI.What is the primary enforcement mechanism for meeting beneficial uses and water quality objectives?

24. 23 Discussion Break The term “National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System” with the word “elimination” is required by the Federal Clean Water Act. Based on what you have seen of the California Porter-Cologne Water Quality Control Act, would you expect to see the word “elimination” used in such a context? Why? Why not? Connotations of the word “elimination”?

25. 24 B.There are several features common to all NPDES Permits. Some important ones are: 1.Legal Authority - defines: –Provenance of authority to issue permit –What the discharger has the authority to do. –What the discharger does not have the authority to do. VI.What is the primary enforcement mechanism for meeting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? (cont.)

26. 25 2.A series of definitions, among them: –What is a pollutant –What is a discharge –What is a discharge of a pollutant 3.References to the CWA, etc. VI.What is the primary enforcement mechanism for meeting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? (cont.) B.There are several features common to all NPDES Permits. Some important ones are: (cont.)

27. 26 4.A requirement to file an annual report. This report is a “self-reporting” document that is available to the public. 5.A description of adequate fiscal resources available to implement the permit requirements. VI.What is the primary enforcement mechanism for meeting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? (cont.) B.There are several features common to all NPDES Permits. Some important ones are: (cont.)

28. 27 6.Who, the actual people, who are responsible for making sure the permit is carried out. 7.The term of the permit. This is typically five years. VI.What is the primary enforcement mechanism for meeting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? (cont.) B.There are several features common to all NPDES Permits. Some important ones are: (cont.)

29. 28 8.A section on Effluent Limitations 9.A section on Receiving Water Limitations Next Thursday’s lecture will focus on these last two items. VI.What is the primary enforcement mechanism for meeting beneficial uses and water quality objectives? (cont.) B.There are several features common to all NPDES Permits. Some important ones are: (cont.)