1. Application of Behaviourome Analysis to Ideas about Biotechnology Masakazu Inaba and Darryl Macer University of Tsukuba Tsukuba Science City, Japan

2. Outline I.Dataset for Analysis II.Limitations III.Unit of Ideas IV.Matrix V.Quantifying Ideas for Plots VI.Discussion

3. Representational Modularity of Mind Body position senses Motor faculty Body representation Haptic faculty Articulation Conceptual structure Visual faculty Social faculty Retinal array Syntactic structure Phonological structure Spatial representation Sound Linguistic faculty Urpo Nikanne, 2000

4. Data for Analysis The interviewee was randomly chosen at a park around Tsukuba Sex: Male Age: 66 years old Education: Junior high/ High school Occupation: Retired Religion: Buddhism Number of Children: 3

5. Questions 1/3 Q1 What comes to mind when you think about modern biotechnology? Q2 What comes to your mind when you think about bioethics? Q3 Can you tell me whether following sentences are right or not? Q4 Please tell me whether you have heard of the following four applications, then let me know whether you definitely agree, tend to agree, tend to disagree, or definitely disagree with the following questions.

6. Questions 2/3 Q4.1 Modern biotechnology to produce better tasting tomatoes. Q4.2 Introducing human genes into bacteria to produce medicines and vaccines. Q4.3 Introducing human genes into animals to produce organs for human transplants. Q4.4 Using genetic testing to determine whether human embryos have a genetic predisposition for serious diseases. a. Have you ever heard of this application? b. How useful do you think this application is for society? Why? c. How risky do you think this application is for society? Why? d. All in all, do you think this application should be encouraged? Why? Q5 How morally acceptable do you think these applications are for each? Why?

7. Questions 3/3 Q6 Some people think these issues are very important while others don't think so. On a scale from 1 to 10 where 1 is not at all important and 10 is extremely important, how important are these issues for you personally? Q7 What do you think about the roles of scientists regarding biotechnological applications when ethical consensus is made. Q8 What do you think about the effects of biotechnology on morality and ethics? Q9 Do you think science policy questions, like whether grow GM crops for food, should be developed by mainly scientific or mainly ethical concerns? Q10 Which organization should approve these scientific policy issues?

8. Idea, Communication, and Language Limitations Verbal communication is only a part of total communication (less than 50%). The conceptualization of text does not only depend on the analysis of the semantic system, but needs to consider the context of the intended communication. Common grounds (background knowledge) is an important factor to understand expressed ideas correctly.

9. Reconstruction of Ideas What is good representation? Separating discourse into message units Constructing idea units from message units Categorizing idea units There are margins in expressed ideas that are not fully specified.

10. Categories of Ideas 1) conceptualization of physical objects 2) psychological meanings of images associated with objects (like colours, intensity) 3) memories 4) plans for both short and long term future (there could be division of plans between those intended in the current waking period and those intended for a future waking period) 5) intention to modify behaviour of self 6) intention to modify behaviour of surrounding beings and the environment 7) processing of sensory states (like pain, pleasure, libido) 8) inhibition of a response based on immediate evolutionary benefit (like cultural and religious inhibitions to what has been called selfish genes) 9) interactive conceptualization of ideas in a community based response

11. Unit of Idea 1/2 # Q4. Im going to read four applications of modern biotechnology. First, using modern biotechnology in the production of food and drinks, for example, to make them higher in protein, keep longer, or taste better. > Yes, this is acceptable, isnt this? # How useful do you find this application is for society? > …this may be contradictory to my previous idea,/ but also I feel so. I think it will be so in the future (idea 1), possibly. # Have you ever heard of this application? > Ive heard a little. # Then, How risky do you think this application is for society? > I think its risky (idea 2), probably….

12. Unit of Idea 2/2 ……. # All in all, do you think this application should be encouraged? > Yes, but in the future, it advances to that direction willing or unwilling (idea 3), doesnt it? # So, would you show in this scale? > Yes, I think so. # Concretely how do you think of this kind of application? > Well, I imagine humans, what to say, evolve not to be natural beings, but to be like androids (idea 4). Really, in the future. # So, do you have any idea, what is beneficial and what is risky? > The most risky part I think is health (idea 5). So, I think there is no problem to increase the production (idea 6) of these, but we dont know how human bodies react to these when we take them. (idea 7: Health concerns) ………

13. Matrix 6 sides, 7 attributions, 4 dimensions (3 axes and color plot)

14. Memories - Hopes 0

15. Loving Good – Loving Life/ Harm (Total apathy) (Total evil) 100 0 0 (Total love of life) 0

16. Self-love – Love of Others 0

17. How to quantify for Plots 1/2 # Q4. Im going to read four applications of modern biotechnology. First, using modern biotechnology in the production of food and drinks, for example, to make them higher in protein, keep longer, or taste better. > Yes, this is acceptable, isnt this? # How useful do you find this application is for society? > …this may be contradictory to my previous idea,/ but also I feel so. I think it will be so in the future (idea 1), possibly Memories –– 10 Hopes Loving good 50 –– Loving life/ harm, Self-love – 0 – Love of others Idea category: 4

18. ……. # So, would you show in this scale? > Yes, I think so. # Concretely how do you think of this kind of application? > Well, I imagine humans, what to say, evolve not to be natural beings, but to be like androids (idea 4). Really, in the future. Memories –– 25 Hopes Loving good 75 –– Loving life/ harm, Self-love 50 –– Love of others Idea category: 9 # So, do you have any idea, what is beneficial and what is risky? > The most risky part I think is health (idea 5). So, I think there is no problem to increase the production (idea 6) of these, but we dont know how human bodies react to these when we take them. (idea 7: Health concerns) ……… How to quantify for Plots 2/2

19. Discussion Specifying the contribution of each principle for standardizing the analysis requires more data. How many dimensions and variables are appropriate for understanding of people who see this map? Mental Mapping doesnt give background knowledge. Certain types of mental processing could be revealed by collecting mass information.