1. COM594 TCP and Wireless: Unforeseen Consequences

2. TCP Connection-Oriented protocol Transmitter (Client) Establishes a connection with the receiver (Server) Transmits packets in sequence Expects acknowledgement (ACK) packets in the same sequence Uses a Sliding-window buffer mechanism.

3. TCP Behaviour (1) When a packet is transmitted on a network there are generally three possibilities 1.It gets to its intended destination intact or 2.It gets to its destination, but the receiver is too busy to process it, so it ‘dies on the wire’ – This scenario is known as Congestion – i.e. the receiver is overloaded and has no buffer storage available, so it drops packets

4. TCP Behavior (2) When this happens, TCP implements a response protocol at the transmitter – It slows down and transmits fewer packets – This is perfectly logical if congestion is happening – There are different details possible but the overall behaviour is that TCP implements a ‘Slow-Start’ algorithm This scenario is common in Wired-networks’ i.e. where the physical layer is implemented by real cables!

5. TCP Behaviour (3) A simulation of TCP in action can be viewed at: http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/comms /jasper/TCPcs.html http://www.cs.stir.ac.uk/~kjt/software/comms /jasper/TCPcs.html

6. TCP Behaviour (4) The third possibility is that the packet never gets to its destination at all It gets destroyed by Noise or Interference This happens all the time when the physical layer is Wireless. Wireless is ‘Noisy’ Wireless is ‘Lossy’ Can you see the problem here ????

7. TCP and Wireless If TCP stops receiving ACK packets due to congestion then the best response is to slow down: Slowing down gives the receiver time to deal with the high packet demand When this clears, it will start being able to respond again.

8. TCP and Wireless If TCP stops receiving ACK packets due to physical transmission loss, then the best response is to speed up. i.e. send the packets again as quickly as possible. Slowing down in this circumstance leads to very poor network performance

9. TCP and Wireless This has generated a very difficult problem The correct response at the Transport Layer now depends on the implementation medium at the physical layer How is the Transport layer to ‘know’ if the physical layer is wired or wireless???

10. How any particular layer implements its service is completely transparent to any other layer. However, now, in practice, if a physical layer (or even part of a physical layer), is implemented as a wireless link, the standard TCP algorithms will generate very poor service for the client

11. TCP Layer Independence In fact this breaks the ‘golden rule’ of Abstraction: In a layered protocol, each layer is completely independent from any other layer Each layer receives a service from the layer beneath it Each layer delivers a service to the layer above it

12. Unforeseen Consequences The reason for this circumstance is that TCP was designed to ‘assume’ that data or packet loss must be due to congestion. No other possibility was considered in the original concept. There is no easy solution to this problem We will see others like this during the module!