1. Identifying language for content learning Universidad de La Rioja, Keith Kelly keithpkelly@yahoo.co.uk www.factworld.info

2. English-German School, Plovdiv

3. www.factworld.info Zh Class

4. www.factworld.info Speed reaction test

5. www.factworld.info Which language? Subject-specific language Words you cant really do without General academic language Language of learning Peripheral language Classroom chat

6. www.factworld.info 750,000 650,000 40,000-45,000 Every 12 th 2500 = 80% 7500 = 90% 10% 1 Words you cant do without – which words?

7. www.factworld.info Numbers 750,000 – words in English 650,000 – words in OED 40,000-45,000 – used by average speaker Every 12 th – the 2500 = 80% of all words we use 7500 = 90% of all words we use (star words) 10% = the rest, topic specific (black words)

8. www.factworld.info Curriculum discourse analysis Task - Identify the black words in the text below, there are 12 of them. Infections Food and water are sources of infection. Raw food is covered in microorganisms. Most are harmless or do the body good. They grow in our intestines and protect them from more harmful germs, but others cause disease, especially if food's been contaminated by sewage or animal waste, or hasn't been cooked properly. Contact with animals also exposes us to new microorganisms. A bite from an infected dog could lead to rabies, for example. While cleaning out a lizard's cage could lead to salmonella.

9. www.factworld.info Curriculum discourse analysis Infections

10. www.factworld.info Curriculum discourse analysis Infections Food(***) and water(***) are sources(***) of infection(**). Raw(***) food(***) is covered in microorganisms. Most(***) are harmless(*) or do the body(***) good(***). They grow(***) in our intestines and protect(***) them from more harmful(*) germs, but others cause(***) disease(***), especially(***) if food's been contaminated by sewage or animal(*) waste(***), or hasn't been cooked properly(***). Contact(***) with animals(***) also(***) exposes(**) us to new(***) microorganisms. A bite(*) from an infected dog(***) could(***) lead(***) to rabies, for example(***). Cleaning(***) out a lizard's(*) cage(*) could lead to salmonella.

11. www.factworld.info Textbook discourse analysis

12. www.factworld.info Top 100 Science textbook words

13. www.factworld.info Verbs and root words: form

14. www.factworld.info The root word form

15. www.factworld.info Concordancing software SCP - Simple concordancing programme www.textworld.com/scp SWF – Searching for words in files www.factworld.info/computers/SWF/SWF.htm

16. www.factworld.info Task – Take a look at this list of words Plant Reproduction: asexual sexual cuttings vegetative tissue culture natural artificial corm bulb germination sepals pistil receptacle flower pollination spores stamen style budding grafting fertilization dispersal rhizome stem tuber taproots runners filament anther ovary stigma What links and relationships can you see between the words in the list?

17. www.factworld.info Task – Take a look at this list of words Cooking: eggs with sweet plaintains cornbread chicken tortillas rice with pigeon peas chili chicken chicken stew empanadas cheesy potato patties custard cookies ingredients garlic Look Tasty salty cook put ham peas flour water rice onions help delicious try mix yummy What links and relationships can you see between the words in the list?

18. www.factworld.info What if all content vocabulary could be mapped?

19. www.factworld.info Organising words

20. www.factworld.info Knowledge and language maps

21. www.factworld.info Tools for learning - building word trees and diagrams

22. www.factworld.info Tools for learning - annotating diagrams

23. www.factworld.info Vocabulary / Glossaries Pronunciation Translation Contextualization Accessible Easy to organize

24. www.factworld.info 2 General academic language The language of thinking (Clegg) 2 Classifying Statements There arethree kinds types forms classes categories of ……… …….. fall intothree kinds types classes categories can bedivided classified We/you/one can classify … according to …criteria This class has…characteristics/features Teacher questions How would you classify…? How many kinds of …are there? Who can classify…?

25. www.factworld.info The Language of Science Curriculum Specifications - Science Form 1 (11 year olds) Ministry of Education, Malaysia, 2003 Scientific Skills Observing Classifying Measuring and using numbers Inferring Predicting Communicating Using space-time relationships Interpreting data Defining operationally Controlling variables Hypothesising Experimenting Manipulative skills Thinking strategies Conceptualising Making decisions Problem solving Reasoning Thinking skills (Critical and creative) Critical thinking skills: Attributing Comparing and contrasting Grouping and classifying Sequencing Prioritising Analysing Detecting bias Evaluating Making conclusions Creative thinking skills: Generating ideas Relating Making inferences Predicting Making generalisations Visualising Making hypotheses Making analogies Inventing Malaysia

26. www.factworld.info Critical thinking skills Attributing Identifying criteria such as characteristics, features, qualities and elements of a concept or an object. Comparing and Contrasting Finding similarities and differences based on criteria such as characteristics, features, qualities and elements of a concept or event. Grouping and Classifying Separating and grouping objects or phenomena into categories based on certain criteria such as common characteristics or features. The language Whats missing?

27. www.factworld.info What are living things made of? The Structure of Simple Cells Today, scientists using powerful microscopes are able to observe what makes up cells. They have discovered that every cell is a self-contained unit and that all cells are made up of a substance called protoplasm. Protoplasm is the basic living material. It is always made up of carbon (C), oxygen (02), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) and very often sulphur (S) and phosphorus (P). Protoplasm is usually colourless and contains a large amount of water. It feels and looks like jelly. Only living things can make new proto­ plasm or repair damaged protoplasm. Cells are made up of two kinds of proto­plasm: the nucleus and the cytoplasm. They are separated from their environment by an outer cell membrane, which restricts the passage of materials in and out of the cell. TaskFind and underline all of the verbs in the text which are used for talking about structure, function and location of cells and tissues.

28. www.factworld.info Structure, function and location Verb phrasesAdverbial phrases Structure: … are made up of … … organized in … … is a self-contained unit … contains … … feels/looks like … … are separated from … by … … are small … … tend to be … … can take other shapes … … it includes … … have … … is a part that contains … … consist of … … are joined together … (to … ) Types: … there are … … have various shapes … … are divided into … … are arranged in … … resembles … Location: … is found in … … surrounded by … … form … … form one or several … … includes … … is located under/around … … is most abundant under … … is common in … … is found mainly in … … along … runs … Function: … have parts which … … builds up … … lines … … exhibits … … release … … connects … … has the function of … … provides … … builds up … … amidst … … often … … very often … … usually … … likely to be … … just …

29. www.factworld.info Discourse analysis General academic school language Awareness of ALL of the language Opportunities for student access Embed the language in the content

30. www.factworld.info 3 Peripheral language Parachute jump

31. www.factworld.info Which is the correct graph, why?

32. www.factworld.info Parachute graph 3 MA – He jumps out of the plane, falls fast towards the ground after a few seconds his parachute opens. He slows down, and then falls to the ground at a steady speed. So, it is B, it is B, because the first little bit of the graph is the bit before his parachute opens, the second little bit is the bit after his parachute opens when hes going slower so its a more gradual decline, he doesnt go through as much, it takes longer to go through the same kind of distance, that means hes traveling slower. A and D both suggest a gradual slowing down, not an abrupt change with the parachute opening.

33. www.factworld.info Explanation language analysis 2 Structures We know when … that … (which is …) -relative clauses and conjunctions The … is the … that … is … -definitions If we had a … it would be … -third conditional A graph of the … against … should be a … -modal auxiliary verb for deduction C is wrong because that would suggest that …-modal would to make statement sound less definite He goes from … to … in … (time) -prepositions … after a few seconds … and then … -sequencing phrases … it takes … so … that means … -concluding A and D both suggest …, not … -juxtaposing

34. www.factworld.info Language as classroom environment rich input accessible input at the level of the learners scaffolded semi-scripted

35. www.factworld.info Where to start? - Examples in Science Get to know the curriculum Explore content websites Try out resources Identify language Understand the skills Adapt materials to suit your students

36. www.factworld.info Exploring the content curriculum www.bbsrc.ac.uk

37. www.factworld.info Your own GM person Create … … and present

38. www.factworld.info The language of heredity Describing facial features S/He has / has got Her/His … is/are … (brown, green, blue, blond, red, grey) (round, thin, fat, long, short, flat, curly, straight, spiky, wavy) Naming parts of the face Eyes, nose, ears, earlobes, eyebrows, hair, chin, cheeks Describing inherited characteristics He gets his … from his … She gets her … from her … He looks like his … She looks like her … He takes after his … with his She takes after her … with her He has inherited his mothers … She has inherited her mothers …

39. www.factworld.info CLIL - The Resources Science Across the World www.scienceacross.orgwww.scienceacross.org a) a bank of resources for general Science projects b) a database of contacts for carrying out a curriculum exchange project with a school in another country, c) an internet-based and ICT focus to learning. Example – What did you eat?

40. www.factworld.info Food and drink diary

41. www.factworld.info Ice Cream Consumption in Europe Who eats the most?

42. www.factworld.info Curriculum area?

43. www.factworld.info Curriculum area?

44. www.factworld.info CLIL – The Skills - research work - dealing with data (gathering, presenting) - presentation work Example - Heredity Hair colour, eye colour, skin colour, height, ear lobes, mid finger hair, tongue rolling

45. www.factworld.info CLIL – The language Three broad areas of language in content: i) subject-specific language ii) general academic language iii) peripheral language Knowing what this language is, and what to do with it, i.e., how to scaffold or support it, is what CLIL is all about.

46. www.factworld.info Linear content input

47. www.factworld.info Organizing content input

48. www.factworld.info CLIL for Language Teachers - Conclusions 1) Explore the content curriculum: - resources - skills - the language 2) Identify an appealing aspect of this context for you and students - a skill - PPTs - a grammar area - passive voice - general academic language for the content curriculum - economy 3) Offer a focus in your language lesson.

49. www.factworld.info Which language?All language. Subject-specific language question of organization and management General academic language as important as specific language Peripheral language equals rich context

50. www.factworld.info References Forum for Across the Curriculum Teaching www.factworld.info factworld@yahoogroups.com Young learners and teens group younglearners@yahoogroups.com,younglearners@yahoogroups.com onestopclil discussion forum www.onestopclil.com/forum_board.asp?catid=80 www.onestopclil.com/forum_board.asp?catid=80 Gibbons, P (2002) Scaffolding Language, Scaffolding Learning, Heinemann Science across the world www.scienceacross.orgwww.scienceacross.org Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, www.bbsrc.ac.uk www.bbsrc.ac.uk UK National Curriculum Website http://curriculum.qca.org.uk/http://curriculum.qca.org.uk/ Association for Science Education www.ase.org.uk www.sycd.co.uk