1. Folk and Popular Culture

2. Definition of Culture A group of belief systems, norms and values practiced by a people Recognized in 1 of 2 ways 1. People call themselves a culture 2. Others can label a certain group of people as a culture

3. Folk Culture Small Incorporates homogeneous population Typically rural Cohesive in cultural traits Work to preserve those traits in order to claim uniqueness

4. Folk Culture cont. Material culture: what a group of people make Nonmaterial culture: beliefs, practices, aesthetics and values of a group of people

5. Popular Culture Large Incorporates heterogeneous populations Typically urban Experiences quickly changing cultural traits Practiced by people across identities and across the world Also encompasses material and nonmaterial culture

6. How is popular culture diffused? Hierarchical diffusion Uses an urban hierarchy (distance decay) David Harvey: time-space compression Refers to social and psychological effects of living in a time-space convergence (Donald Janelle) Since technology links some places more closely than others, culture diffuses more quickly rather than at a constant rate

7. Hearths of Popular Culture How do things become a part of popular culture? Often begins with contagious diffusion Ex. Dave Matthews Band

8. Manufacturing a Hearth Clayton Rosati Studied infrastructure of MTV & its role in the production of popular culture and geographies of popular culture MTV produces popular culture by opening globalized spaces to local culture thereby globalizing local culture

9. Popular culture does not take over the existing popular culture, rather a process called reterritorialization of popular culture occurs When people w/in a place start to produce an aspect of popular culture themselves in the context of their own culture ands making it their own

10. How are local cultures sustained? Assimilation of certain groups destroyed local culture Local culture sustained through customs Simon Harrison 2 goals of local cultures: keep other cultures out; keep their culture in Local cultures work to avoid cultural appropriation Recognized that through cultural appropriation, places become increasingly important neolocalism

11. Influence of the Physical Environment Customs are influenced by climate, soil and vegetation Particularly responsive to environment b/c low level of technology and agricultural economy 2 necessities of life: food and shelter Shows the influence of cultural values and the environment on the development of unique folk culture

12. Distinctive Food Preferences Derived from the environment Adapt food preferences to environmental conditions Role of terrior (effects of the environment on a particular food item)

13. Food attractions and Taboos Everything in nature has a signature or distinct characteristic Therefore people eat and don’t eat certain things based on a response as to whether it is socially acceptable or not The nutritional value is one of the determining factors in whether someone eats something or not Some things are eaten b/c they enhance some characteristic the culture deems important

14. Food attractions and Taboo Taboo to eat things that are thought to embody negativity May establish food taboos to protect the environment Religion and social values also play a role in food taboos

15. Folk Housing House among the essential facts of human geography A. Distinctive Building Materials -influenced by location, resources available and social factors B. Distinctive House Form and Orientation -forms result from customary beliefs or environmental factors

16. Folk Housing cont. C. Housing and Environment -homes are constructed based on the environment

17. U.S. Folk House Forms Fred Kniffen-3 major hearths of folk house forms in the US: 1. NE-saltbox, two-chimney, cape cod, front gable and wing 2. Mid-Atlantic: “I” house 3. Lower Cheasapeake-one story w/steep roof and two chimneys  Style of housing not as distinctive anymore due to rapid communication and transportation systems  Majority of people don’t build the houses they live in

18. Diffusion of folk housing forms

19. Local & Popular Culture Seen in the Cultural Landscape Reflects norms, values and aesthetics of a culture Placelessness (Edward Relph) Cultural landscapes are so similar because: 1. Architecture forms + planning ideas have diffused around the world. 2. Individual businesses + products are so widespread they impact all places 3. The borrowing of idealized landsca[e images promotes a blurring of place distinctiveness

20. Why is popular culture widely distributed? Popular Housing Styles A.Modern house styles (1945-1960): minimal traditional, ranch, split level, contemporary + shed style houses B.Neo-eclectic (1960-): mansard, neo-Tudor, Neo-French, neo-colonial *have great rooms rather than separate living + family rooms

21. Diffusion of Popular Culture cont. Rapid Diffusion of Clothes Characterized by income and job characteristics Improved communication Exposure to folk dress due to increased travel + television A.Jeans-know why + how jeans became a part of popular culture

22. Diffusion of Popular Culture cont. B.Snack foods and beverages *preference based on what is made, grown or imported locally *also affected by background *dependent on income and advertising

23. Role of TV in diffusing Popular Culture Significant custom because: 1.Most popular leisure activity 2.Most important means by which culture is diffused

24. Why Does Globalization of Popular Culture Cause Problems? Threat to Folk Culture: Rising income increases demand for items valued in popular culture Can lead to domination of folk culture Loss of traditional values (clothing) Change in traditional role of women-How? Can also cause problems in less developed nations-increase in prostitution

25. Globalization of Popular Culture cont. Threat of Foreign Media Imperialism Threatens LDC’s independence Seen as a new type of economic + cultural imperialism Allow governments of LDC to censor shows and/or only program shows appropriate to traditional values

26. Environmental Impact of Popular Culture Modifies nature Uniform landscapes-seen to generate product recognition + greater consumption

27. Negative Environmental Impacts Increased demand for natural resources Depletion of resources and/or extinction of species Inefficient use of resources Pollution Popular culture produces a lot of waste Folk culture can also negatively impact the environment by ignoring natural processes