1. Grade 12 Exercise Science
The Skeletal System

2. Terms
Anatomy
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Physiology
Nervous system
Circulatory system
Human skeleton

3. The Human Skeleton The human skeleton is made up of _______ bones
Start with over ___ at birth but they fuse together over time
Longest is the femur and smallest is the stirrup bone found inside the ear
Males and Females have slight differences
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4. The Skeletal System Properties of the Skeletal System
Extremely hard and durable
Bones are composed primarily of calcium
Calcium levels vary in people
Low levels of calcium mean the bones can become increasingly brittle and breakable
Bones are able to repair themselves
Casts, splints, pins and other aids are often required for correct healing process

5. Functions of the Skeletal System
Structural Support
Protection
Growth centre for cells
Reservoir of minerals
Movement

6. About Bone …
Composed of 50% water and 50% organic and inorganic material
Elements include: phosphorous, zinc, calcium, magnesium, fluorine, iron, chlorine
Resists compression and tension
Bound by joints (through ligaments)
Muscles attach to bone (through tendons) to produce movement

7. 5 Types of Bones Bones are classified according to their shape
Long Bones
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The femur is the best example of a long bone
Short Bones
Carpal bones are a good example
Flat Bones
Irregular Bones
Sesamoid bones
Unusual bones in that they are small, flat bones wrapped within tendons that move over boney surfaces. Example patella

8. Types of Bones

9. Anatomy of a Long Bone

10. Long Bone Anatomy
Cartilage
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Cancellous bone (spongy bone)
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Compact bone
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11. Long Bone Anatomy https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q4vXr9IuPVc
Medullary cavity
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Periosteum
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Epiphysis
Diaphysis

12. Structure of The Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
Appendicular Skeleton

13. Structure of The Skeleton
Axial Skeleton
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Appendicular Skeleton
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14. Tendons and Ligaments Tendons – __________________________________

15. Types of Fractures Stress fracture – ________________________________
Simple fracture – __________________________________________
Compound fracture – _________________________________________
Comminuted fracture – _______________________________________
Simple fracture
Compound fracture
Comminuted fracture

16. Epiphyseal Plates and Lines
Epiphyseal plates (growth plates)
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Epiphyseal lines
Epiphyseal line
Epiphyseal plate
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This material may be used only in a course of study in which Exercise Science: An Introduction to Health and Physical Education (Temertzoglou/Challen) is the required textbook.

17. Habits and Behaviours That Help Maintain and Strengthen our Skeletal System
Average person: ???
To prevent Osteoporosis:
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18. Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling
Compact bone:
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Cancellous bone: (e.g. skull)
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19. Bone Formation and Bone Remodeling
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Most active during early years
Declines after mid 30 at at rate of 5-10% every 10 years