1. History of Marine Science
Lecture 2

2. Ponce de Leon found the gulf stream by accident en-route to Cuba.
The Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Leon, was born in Palencia in 1460, is credited with the discovery of Florida. As a teenager he joined Spanish forces that eventually defeated the Moors of Canada, and in 1493 he accompanied Christopher Columbus on his second voyage to America. Ponce de Leon helped crush Indian revolts on the island of Española and was rewarded (1508) with a commission to explore Borinquen (Puerto Rico). He conquered that island and served ( ) as its governor,winning fame and fortune as well as royal support.
King Ferdinand II granted (1512) Ponce de Leon a patent to discover and settle the "island of Bimini." His three ships sailed through the Bahamas and reached land near the site of Saint Augustine during the Easter season of Because of the holiday Pascua Florida. He did not carry orders to evangelize the natives, but according to legend he was seeking the Fountain of Youth a rejuvenating, tonic spring that Caribbean natives had described.
He explored the Florida Keys and part of the West Coast of the peninsula before returning to Puerto Rico by way of Cuba. In 1514, Ponce de Leon received a royal commission to colonize the "island of Florida" but he did not return to Florida until 1521.
The Spain culture travel by the new world at the same time with the Spain conqueror. The conqueror, soldier, priest or navigator, was the representative of a new civilization that is taken with him to America.
The conqueror in this case, Juan Ponce de Leon founder captain of the island and the first governor, he was always the one who past the material aspect, forcing himself to recluting the people for the enterprise, arms and to equip the ship; to found some village, to carry animals and plants and evangelized and christianize the Indians spread out among the colonizer.
In return he receives the power to do appointments, to distribute the land and water, to collect feed and forgive offenses. Them Ponce de Leon recognized part of the island. He was follow and helped with Indians that were given by the "Cacique" "Agueybana".
In the river, he found a lot of gold. This event encourages the population to seek for wealth, who dream to return to Spain rich.
In July 1521, he was mortally wounded by an Indian arrow and returned to Habana, Cuba, where he died.

3. John Harrison In 1760, he solved the problem of calculating longitude.
John Harrison is famous as the inventor of the first chronometer - a clock for finding time at sea, and for the reluctance of the Board of Longitude to award his prize.
You don't know who John Harrison is, and you don't know why his invention of the marine chronometer in the 18th century is important, let alone interesting. And then, as you go along, you realize that timekeeping is the key to navigation, and navigation is not only the key to exploration, and commerce, and empire, and war, but also to our whole concept of where we are in relationship to the world. Until John Harrison invented a reliable clock, time was a vague concept. Now, we take for granted the fact that there is a "right" time, and we live our lives round it.
This disaster, and many others on a lesser scale, prompted Parliament to pass the Longitude Act of 1714, offering a prize of £20,000 to anyone who could find a reliable method of measuring Longitude (the position east-west). Latitude (the position north- south) was a relative cinch: it can be measured by the length of the day, or the height of the sun. But Longitude was a different matter. Indeed, scientists of the day were convinced that its secret lay in observing the heavens. But the most practical solution turned out to be dependent on time. If it's 00:00 at the Greenwich meridian, and 01 :00 where you are, then you are 15 degrees of Longitude east. Local time can be measured by observing when the sun reaches its zenith; you then compare it to GMT, work out the difference, translate that into degrees of Longitude and you can pinpoint your position. All you need is an accurate, ocean-going clock that will keep to GMT. And there's the problem. Clocks in the 18th century were unwieldy, pendulum-driven affairs that would go to pieces with the slightest movement, and would definitely not survive buffeting at sea. What was needed was a clock that would keep perfect time, unaffected by movement, changes in temperature or humidity. Comes the hour, comes the man.

4. James Cook
In 1786, James Cook’s 3 voyages discovered Australia, New Zealand and circumnavigated Antarctica. He and his crew were killed in Hawaii.
Cook, the son of a farm laborer, was born in the village of Marton on October 27,1728.
Nobody had thought that there was anything unusual about his birth but when Cook died on February 14, 1779, King George III cried.
Cook, popularly called Captain Cook, was apprenticed to a firm of shipwrights at Whitby and taught himself mathematics and astronomy.
His skills as a navigator were noticed during his time in the Royal Navy.
Cook's charts of the St Lawrence River helped the British victory at Quebec in September 1759.
His observations of the solar eclipse off the coast of Newfoundland in July 1766 were published by the Royal Society of London.

5. Ben Franklin.
named and mapped the Gulf Stream while serving as Postmaster general for the colonies

6. Matthew Fountaine Maury
The Father of Oceanography.
He published the first oceanography text as a military tool for use during the Civil War.
Pathfinder
of the Seas

7. The Birth of Oceanography
1872, HMS Challenger was the first scientific voyage. It lasted only 3 years, but took 20 years to analyze the data collected.
The birth of oceanography as a formal science began in the nineteenth century with the expedition of the H.M.S. Challenger. This converted British navy ship left Portsmouth England in 1872 and returned in Its mission, assigned by the British admiralty, was to investigate the conditions of the deep sea throughout the great oceanic basins. The ship logged almost 70,00 nautical miles on its voyage around the world. Challenger scientists took hundreds of depth soundings, discovered and described over 4,000 new species of marine life, and studied currents, temperature, and salinity of the oceans throughout the world. The expedition's report fills 50 bulky volumes. The Challenger expedition set the foundation for every major branch of oceanography and is considered the birth of modern oceanography.

8. The First School
In 1900, Prince Albert of Monaco established the first Oceanographic School.

9. The Titanic Disaster
April 15, the White Star Liner Titanic sinks with horrendous loss of life after striking an iceberg in the North Atlantic Ocean. This leads to a concerted effort to devise an acoustic means of discovering objects in the water forward of the bow of a moving vessel.

10. Meteor Explorations.
The German Meteor expedition systematically surveys the South Atlantic with echo-sounding equipment and other oceanographic instruments, proving beyond a doubt the continuity of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
made 14 crossings
of the Atlantic Ocean

11. William Beebe
made a descent of 3028 ft. in the first bathysphere in 1934.
Many other milestones in deep-sea ocean exploration have occurred since the Challenger voyage. In 1934, deep-sea researcher William Beebe made history with his dives in the Bathysphere, a hollow steel ball only 4' 9'' in diameter. He and two other men dove a mile down in this submersible, lowered and raised by a thin steel cable affixed to a winch on a barge. Beebe observed deep-sea fish and other marine organisms in their deep-sea habitat, an environment that no one else had ever explored firsthand.

12. Cousteau
During WWII, Cousteau invented SCUBA and many other devices that opened the ocean to millions.

13. 1950 IGY, International Geophysical Year – Studied the Indian Ocean

14. Trieste (bathyscaphe)
Descended 36,000 ft. into the Mariana Trench in the Pacific – the deepest depth in the ocean.
Challenger Deep got its name from the British survey ship Challenger II, which pinpointed the deep water off the Marianas Islands in Then in 1960, the US Navy sent the Trieste (a submersible - a mini-submarine designed to go really deep) down into the depths of the Marianas trench to see just how far they would go. They touched bottom at 35,813 feet. That means, while they were parked on the bottom in the bathyscaphe, there were almost seven miles of water over their heads!
If you cut Mount Everest off at sea level and put it on the ocean bottom in the Challenger Deep, there would still be over a mile of water over the top of it

15. Project FAMOUS
(French American Mid-Ocean Undersea Study) and Deep Sea Drilling Project researched plate tectonics with the ship, Glomar Challenger.
Over the next 30 months, Phase II consisted of drilling and coring in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian oceans as well as the Mediterranean and Red Seas. Technical and scientific reports followed during a ten month period. Phase II ended on August 11, 1972, and ship began a successful scientific and engineering career.
The success of the Challenger was almost immediate. On Leg 1 Site 2 under a water depth of 1067 m (3500 ft), core samples revealed the existence of salt domes. Oil companies received samples after an agreement to publish their analyses. The potential of oil beneath deep ocean salt domes remains an important avenue for commercial development today.
But the purpose of the Glomar Challenger was scientific exploration. One of the most important discoveries was made during Leg 3. The crew drilled 17 holes at 10 different sites along a oceanic ridge between South America and Africa. The core samples retrieved provided definitive proof for continental drift and seafloor renewal at rift zones. This confirmation of Alfred Wegener's theory of continental drift strengthened the proposal of a single, ancient land mass, which is called Pangaea. The samples gave further evidence to support the plate tectonics theory of W. Jason Morgan and Xavier Le Pichon. The theory of these two geologists attempts to explain the formation of mountain ranges, earthquakes, and deep sea trenches.
Another discovery was how youthful the ocean floor is in comparison to Earth's geologic history. After analysis of samples, scientists concluded that the ocean floor is probably no older than 200 million years. This is in comparison with the 4.5 billion years of our Earth. As the seafloor spreads from the rifts, it descends again beneath tectonic plates or is pushed upwards to form mountain ranges.

16. Satellite
1978 SEASAT satellite launched for measuring global surface temperature, bio-productivity, and wave heights.

17. JOIDES
1987- Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling drilled on the ocean floor at a depth of 27,000 ft. and went 1000 ft. into the ocean floor sediments.

18. GPS
1990’s – Global Positioning Satellites were opened for public access.

19. International Year of the Ocean 1998
By declaration of the United Nations, The purpose of YOTO is to promote public awareness and understanding of the oceans, a dominant aspect of the environment.

20. Ocean Act of 2000 passed by Congress on July 25, 2000, and signed into law by the President on August 7, 2000.
To establish a commission to make recommendations for a coordinated and comprehensive national ocean policy that will promote:
(1) protection of life and property (2) stewardship of ocean and coastal resources (3) protection of marine environment and prevention of marine pollution (4) enhancement of maritime commerce (5) expansion of human knowledge of the marine environment (6) investments in technologies to promote energy and food security (7) close cooperation among government agencies (8) U.S. leadership in ocean and coastal activities.

21. Ocean Literacy
2005, NOAA publishes Ocean Literacy Standards to address the importance of Ocean Education.
Ocean literacy is an understanding of the oceans influence on you and your influence on the ocean.
An ocean-literate person understands: - the essential principles and fundamental concepts, - can communicate about the oceans in a meaningful way, - is able to make informed and responsible decisions regarding the oceans and its resources.
In this course we intend to make you Ocean Literate and More!!!