2. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 1 Introduction It has become a triviality to state the difficulty of finding relevant information on the web

3. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 2 The Search Problem Both parameters are ranking low today! Recall Number of Relevant Documents in the Collection Number of Relevant Documents Identified Precision Number of Relevant Documents Identified Total Number of Documents Identified How to evaluate Search Results?

4. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 3 The Browse Problem Topic Trees from categorization schemes and thesauri are rigid and not very expressive Machine produced clusters are “flexible”, but very imprecise

5. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 4 Ways to Resource Description and Discovery Statistical: using words as lexical terms, statistical analysis (word counts), most full text search engines work like this Semantical: referring the information resource to a category or to thesaurus terms Statistic methods are unprecise by nature; semantic methods depend on the knowledge organization system used

6. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 5 Knowledge Organization Systems now AGROVOC NAL Thesaurus CABI Thesaurus Dedicated KOSs Non-dedicated KOSs e.g., ASFA thesaurus e.g., the Multilingual Forestry Thesaurus e.g., the Sustainable Development website classification e.g., biological taxonomies such as NCBI and ITIS GEMET Other thematic thesauri Existing Thesauri and Knowledge Organization Systems (KOSs)  Common concepts are not declared  No or very limited interoperability  Insufficient subject + language coverage  Severe maintenance problems  Very limited machine readability  Only very simple encoding of semantic relations

7. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 6 Consequences No common topic trees in one domain, no cross navigation between applications in a specific domain Keyword searches are based on statistical textanalysis Automatic indexing systems show mostly poor results Web crawlers and harvesters do good jobs only on already structured information sources The semantic Web is very far away

8. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 7 But there is a solution… Development of Application and Domain Ontologies to assure: a formal description of the application knowledge possibility of machine processing Development of an Agricultural Ontology Service to assure: compatibility reusability sustainability

9. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 8 Ontologies?  An ontology is a formal knowledge organization system It contains concepts (and instances) Definitions of concepts and instances Relations between concepts and instances  Nearly everyone tries to build (inexplicit) ontologies Directory structures, navigation trees Humans can overcome bad organization by intuition Machine have no intuition, Machine need formal information

10. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 9 A Sample ontology for crop pest management

11. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 10 Why Ontologies? Semantic Organization of websites Knowledge maps Guided discovery of knowledge Easy retrievability of information without using complicated Boolean logic Text processing by machines Text Mining on the Web (meaning-oriented access) Automatic indexing and text annotation tools Full text search engines that create meaningful classification (FAO-Schwartz not related to FAO) (semantic clustering) Intelligent search of the Web Building dynamical catalogues from machine readable meta data Natural Language processing Better machine translation Queries using natural language

12. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 11 Guided Browse and Search Facilities Records found: 5 1. xxxxxxxxxxx 2. xxxxxxxxxxx 3. xxxxxxxxxxx 4. xxxxxxxxxxx 5. xxxxxxxxxxx Biotopes Cropping systems using forests Economics of forest production Forestry equipment Soil science You may also be interested in... What would you like to view? Forest rights issues Parasites of forests Pesticides used in forests Types of forest products Uses of forest products Geographic area You can further limit by: x Africa Web page Type of resource

13. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 12 Context Sensitive Knowledge Access Conservation agriculture Farmers like it because it gives them a means of conserving, improving and making more efficient use of their natural resources About camels and llamas Descendants of the same rabbit-sized mammal, they have become two of humanity's most versatile domestic animals Agribusiness and small farmers Well managed contract farming contributes to both increased income for producers and higher profits for investors Toward biosecurity Biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture have intensified with economic globalization Urban food marketing In the “century of cities”, a major challenge will be providing adequate quantities of nutritional and affordable food for urban inhabitants Crop science and ethics In order to continue their contribution to human development, crop scientists must regain credibility Use your right mouse button to learn more about an italicized word on the page. Biosecurity: management of all biological and environmental risks associated with food and agriculture, including forestry and fisheries See also: Biosafety Food Safety Risk Management Or are you interested in...: Food Security Biological Diversity Agricultural Web Page

14. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 13 Why an Agricultural Ontology Service? The production of knowledge organization systems in our subject area can be only  International The Internet must become plurilingual  Multidisciplinary FAOs subjectarea is broad and needs various inputs  Cooperative different expert knowledge has to be associated and used)  Distributed no central ownership should be looked for  Coordinated Coordination must ensure reusability and standardization

15. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 14 AOS: Iterative Knowledge Registration Application KOS uses components to build an application Discussions and choices for amendments to components Partner Agricultural Ontology Service (AOS) Federated storage and description facility Components: terms, definitions, relationships Partner Components: terms, definitions, relationships Users search and browse application using components User feedback

16. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 15 The Start of the AOS Initiative The first workshop took place in Rome, November 2001 A launch group was established with participation of –Content providers (FAO, CABI) –Solution providers in the Agricultural Area (ATO -Wageningen, University of Florida) –Ontology development Groups (AIFB Karlsruhe, CNR Italy) Now key international partners have to be determined

17. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 16 AOS Initiative – the development The second AOS workshop took place in January in Oxford, prototypes were planned –Fishery Ontology –Crop Pest Ontology –Microbial Agents Ontology The third AOS workshop will take place in May in Florida –To discuss the prototypes –To get keyplayers from the Americas (IICA already confirmed participation) Are you interested in participation?

18. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 17 AOS- Intiative - Sustainability  FAO plays a key-role in defining Knowledge Organization Systems since the 70 th (AGRIS- Categories, AGROVOC)  But FAO needs committed partners for this project  For Subject Coverage,  For Language Coverage  External funding is necessary for the first years of the project  The Launch Group is preparing a proposal for the 6 th Framework (EU)  Other roads must be explored

19. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 18 The Evolution of Knowledge Management Libraries/Archives/File systems Libraries/Archives/File Systems/Websites Electronic Repositories Bibliographic Catalogues on Cards or Computers Human Indexing Bibliographies Reviews Machine Readable Metadata Repositories Bibliographic Catalogues Machine Index Catalogues Human reading, checking and classifying Human Indexing Machine Indexing Machine Indexing Human Indexing Statistical Analysis by Machines Bibliographies/Output from Fulltext Search Engines Semantical Analysis by Machines Knowledge based specialized webportals Books, Magazines, Articles, …. Books, Magazines, Articles Databases, Webpages Defined Electronic Information Elements Knowledge Mining Pre- WebWebSemantic Web Ontologies Thesauri, Classification Schemes, Glossaries,

20. Johannes Keizer Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN Library and Documentation Systems Division The Agricultural Ontology Service - project, a cooperative approach to improve organization and retrieval of knowledge on the web. 21-03-2002 Slide 19 Further Information http://www.fao.org/agris/AOS http://www.fao.org/agris/AGMES Johannes.Keizer@fao.org Frehiwot.Fisseha@fao.org