1. Why is folk culture clustered? Develop in isolation Develop in isolation Vary widely—even in nearby places Vary widely—even in nearby places Distinctive views emerge among neighboring groups in the Himalayas Distinctive views emerge among neighboring groups in the Himalayas

2. Tibetan Buddhist—scary figures of monks, saints and divine figures Tibetan Buddhist—scary figures of monks, saints and divine figures Hindus—paint daily life, represent violent and climatic conditions Hindus—paint daily life, represent violent and climatic conditions Muslims—regions beautiful plants and flowers Muslims—regions beautiful plants and flowers Burmese Animists—paint symbols from the religion Burmese Animists—paint symbols from the religion

3. Influence of the Environment on Clothing, Food, and Housing Environmental determinism/possibilism— determinists theorize that the environment causes social customs yet there are many examples of those in similar environments with different customs Environmental determinism/possibilism— determinists theorize that the environment causes social customs yet there are many examples of those in similar environments with different customs However, customs such as food clothing and shelter are influenced by climate, soil and vegetation However, customs such as food clothing and shelter are influenced by climate, soil and vegetation

6. Food and Shelter Different cultures prefer different foods and styles of house construction Different cultures prefer different foods and styles of house construction

7. Soy Beans!!!!! People adapt food preferences to environmental conditions. Grown widely in Asia—good source of protein Grown widely in Asia—good source of protein Toxic in raw form Toxic in raw form Fuel is scarce and cooking requires lengthy time Fuel is scarce and cooking requires lengthy time Bean sprouts, soy sauce, steamed and bean curd Bean sprouts, soy sauce, steamed and bean curd

8. Southern Europe—quick frying Southern Europe—quick frying Northern Europe—slow stewing and roasting Northern Europe—slow stewing and roasting

9. Food Diversity in Transylvania A century ago…. A century ago…. 4 million Hungarians 4 million Hungarians 4 million Romanians 4 million Romanians 500 to 600 thousand Saxons 500 to 600 thousand Saxons 50 to 75 thousand Jews 50 to 75 thousand Jews 20 to 25 thousand Armenians 20 to 25 thousand Armenians Several thousand Szeklers Several thousand Szeklers

10. Soup—the food of the poor Hungarians—soup with smoked bacon thickened with flour and onion fried in lard Hungarians—soup with smoked bacon thickened with flour and onion fried in lard Romanians—made sour bran soups from cracked wheat, corn, brown bread and cherry tree twigs Romanians—made sour bran soups from cracked wheat, corn, brown bread and cherry tree twigs Saxons—simmered fatty pork in water, added sauerkraut and vinegar, and often used fruits Saxons—simmered fatty pork in water, added sauerkraut and vinegar, and often used fruits Jews—preferred soups made from beets and sorrel (a leafy vegetables) Jews—preferred soups made from beets and sorrel (a leafy vegetables) Armenians—soup based on churut (curdled milk) and ground vegetables Armenians—soup based on churut (curdled milk) and ground vegetables Szeklers—adopted Jewish practices, substituted pork for goose or other poultry in Hungarian recipes Szeklers—adopted Jewish practices, substituted pork for goose or other poultry in Hungarian recipes

11. Food Attractions or Taboos Folk culture often associates foods with certain beneficial or harmful traits Folk culture often associates foods with certain beneficial or harmful traits Abipone Indians—Jaguars and Bulls Abipone Indians—Jaguars and Bulls Mandrake—lovemaking, and a drug in parts of Africa and the Middle East Mandrake—lovemaking, and a drug in parts of Africa and the Middle East

12. A taboo is a restriction on behavior imposed by a social custom. Taboos are often associated with sexual practices, but are especially strong with food. Taboos are often associated with sexual practices, but are especially strong with food. Ainus of Japan—otter—forgetful Ainus of Japan—otter—forgetful Europeans—potato—blamed for typhoid, tuberculosis, famine, also resembles deformities associated with leprosy Europeans—potato—blamed for typhoid, tuberculosis, famine, also resembles deformities associated with leprosy Mbum Kpau women—avoid chicken or goat before pregnancy and antelope during Mbum Kpau women—avoid chicken or goat before pregnancy and antelope during Muslims and Hebrews—pigs Muslims and Hebrews—pigs Hindus—cow Hindus—cow Americans--insects Americans--insects

13. Fried water bugs—Burma and Thailand

15. Folk Housing Building materials are influenced by available resources Building materials are influenced by available resources Social groups may share materials but have housing differences related to environment or beliefs, orientation of houses maybe important also. Social groups may share materials but have housing differences related to environment or beliefs, orientation of houses maybe important also. In Madagascar, door is on the west In Madagascar, door is on the west Java, front door always faces south Java, front door always faces south Laos arranges beds perpendicular to the center line of roof while center line of roof is perpendicular to path but parallel to a stream Laos arranges beds perpendicular to the center line of roof while center line of roof is perpendicular to path but parallel to a stream In parts of Thailand, ridgepoles are parallel to the path but houses are not in straight lines because evil spirits move in straight lines In parts of Thailand, ridgepoles are parallel to the path but houses are not in straight lines because evil spirits move in straight lines

16. The fronts of Lao houses, such as those in the village of Muang Nan, Laos, face one another across a path, and the backs face each other at the rear. Their ridgepoles (the centerline of the roof) are set perpendicular to the path but parallel to a stream if one is nearby. Inside adjacent houses, people sleep in the orientation shown, so neighbors are head-to-head or feet-to-feet. (right) Houses of Yuan and Shan peoples in northern Thailand. In the village of Ban Mae Sakud, Thailand, the houses are not set in a straight line because of a belief that evil spirits move in straight lines. Ridgepoles parallel the path, and the heads of all sleeping persons point eastward. The fronts of Lao houses, such as those in the village of Muang Nan, Laos, face one another across a path, and the backs face each other at the rear. Their ridgepoles (the centerline of the roof) are set perpendicular to the path but parallel to a stream if one is nearby. Inside adjacent houses, people sleep in the orientation shown, so neighbors are head-to-head or feet-to-feet. (right) Houses of Yuan and Shan peoples in northern Thailand. In the village of Ban Mae Sakud, Thailand, the houses are not set in a straight line because of a belief that evil spirits move in straight lines. Ridgepoles parallel the path, and the heads of all sleeping persons point eastward.

18. Turpan houses have small, open courtyards for social gatherings. Turpan is situated in a deep valley with relatively little open land, because much of the space is allocated to drying raisins. Second-story patios, which would use even less land, are avoided, because the village is subject to strong winds.

20. Kashgar houses have second-floor open-air patios, where the residents can catch evening breezes. Poplar and fruit trees can be planted around the houses, because the village has a river that is constantly flowing rather than seasonal, as is the case in much of China's dry lands. These deciduous trees provide shade in the summer and openings for sunlight in the winter.

21. Yinchuan houses are built around large, open-air courtyards, which contain tall trees to provide shade. Most residents are Muslims, who regard courtyards as private spaces to be screened from outsiders. The adobe bricks are square or cubic rather than rectangular, as is the case in the other villages, though R. W. McColl found no reason for this distinctive custom.

22. Dunhuang houses are characterized by walled central courtyards, covered by an open- lattice grape arbor. The cover allows for the free movement of air but provides shade from the especially intense direct summer heat and light. Rather than the flat roofs characteristic of dry lands, houses in Dunhuang have sloped roofs, typical of wetter climates, so that rainfall can run off. The practice is apparently influenced by Dunhuang's relative proximity to the population centers of eastern China, where sloped roofs predominate.

23. New England folk house styles

24. Saltbox

25. Cape Cod

27. Middle Atlantic I-house

29. Modified Lower Chesapeake/Tidewater