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Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System in Animals
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Regents Biology Supplies in fuel (sugars) digestive system oxygen respiratory system Waste out CO 2 respiratory system Need to pick up & deliver the supplies & wastes around the body circulatory system Feeding the Need for Energy
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Regents Biology Simpler organisms When your body is only 2-cell layers thick, you can get supplies in and waste out just through diffusion all cells within easy reach of fluid Hydra Jellyfish
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Regents Biology Circulatory system Made up of 3 parts organ heart tissues & cells blood red blood cells blood vessels (vascular system) arteries veins capillaries
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Regents Biology Circulatory systems All animals have: muscular pump = heart tubes = blood vessels circulatory fluid = “blood” openclosed hemolymphblood
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Regents Biology Vertebrate Heart 4-Chambered heart atria (atrium) thin wall collection chamber receive blood ventricles thick wall pump pump blood out right atrium left atrium right ventricle left ventricle
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Regents Biology Evolution of circulatory system fishamphibianreptilesbirds & mammals AA V V VV V AAAA A V 2 chamber3 chamber 4 chamber Birds AND mammals! Wassssup?! Not everyone has a 4-chambered heart
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Regents Biology Evolution of circulatory systems convergent evolution What advantage was a 4-chambered heart increase body size fuel warm-blooded enable flight Higher energy needs greater need for energy, fuel, O 2, waste removal warm-blooded animals & flying need 10x energy need to deliver 10x fuel & O 2
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Regents Biology AV SL AV Heart valves 4 valves in the heart flaps of connective tissue prevent backflow Atrioventricular (AV) valve between atrium & ventricle keeps blood from flowing back into atria when ventricles pump “lub” Semilunar valves between ventricle & arteries prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles “dub”
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Regents Biology AV SL AV Lub-dub, lub-dub Heart sounds closing of valves “Lub” force blood against closed AV valves “Dub” force of blood against semilunar valves Heart murmur leaking valve causes hissing sound blood squirts backward through valve
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Regents Biology Cardiac cycle 1 complete sequence of pumping heart contracts & pumps heart relaxes & chambers fill contraction phase systole ventricles pumps blood out relaxation phase diastole atria refill with blood
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Regents Biology Electrical signals allows atria to empty completely before ventricles contract stimulates ventricles to contract from bottom to top, driving blood into arteries heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses signal also transmitted to skin = EKG
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Regents Biology pump (peak pressure) _________________ fill (minimum pressure) Cardiac Cycle How is this reflected in blood pressure measurements? chambers fill ventricles fill ventricles pump systolic ________ diastolic 110 ________ 80
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Regents Biology Measurement of blood pressure hypertension = (high blood pressure) if systolic > 150 or if diastolic > 90
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Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??
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Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System Blood Vessels
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Regents Biology Blood vessels arteries arterioles capillaries venules veins artery arteriolesvenules veins
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Regents Biology Arteries: Built for their job Arteries blood flows away from heart thicker walls provide strength for high pressure pumping of blood elastic & stretchable maintains blood pressure even when heart relaxes
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Regents Biology Major arteries pulmonary artery pulmonary artery = to lungs aorta carotid = to head to brain & left arm to right arm coronary arteries to body
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Regents Biology Veins: Built for their job Veins blood returns back to heart thinner-walled blood travels back to heart at low speed & pressure why low pressure? far from heart blood flows because muscles contract when we move squeeze blood through veins valves in large veins in larger veins one-way valves allow blood to flow only toward heart Open valve Blood flows toward heart Closed valve
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Regents Biology Major Veins pulmonary vein = from lung superior vena cava = from upper body pulmonary vein = from lung inferior vena cava = from lower body
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Regents Biology Structure-function relationship Capillaries very thin walls allows exchange of materials across capillary
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Regents Biology Controlling blood flow to tissues Capillary function exchange between blood & tissues O 2, CO 2, H 2 O, food, waste blood flow in capillaries controlled by pre-capillary sphincter valves pre-capillary sphincters openpre-capillary sphincters closed
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Regents Biology Capillary Beds Blood flow at any given time, only 5-10% of body’s capillaries have blood flowing through them supply varies as blood is needed after a meal, blood supply to digestive tract increases during strenuous exercise, blood is diverted from digestive tract to skeletal muscles capillaries in brain, heart, kidneys & liver usually filled to capacity Why?
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Regents Biology Circulation of Blood 2 part system Circulation to lungs blood gets O 2 from lungs brings O 2 -rich blood back to heart Circulation to body pumps O 2 -rich blood to body picks up nutrients from digestive system brings CO 2 & cell wastes from body to heart heart lungs body Circulation to lungs Circulation to body
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Regents Biology Vertebrate circulatory system heart lungs body 2 part system artery to body artery to lungs vein from lungs to heart vein from body to heart
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Regents Biology Stops along the way… Lungs pick up O 2 / clean out CO 2 Small Intestines pick up nutrients from digested food Large Intestines pick up water from digested food Liver clean out worn out blood cells
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Regents Biology More stops along the way… Kidneys filters out wastes (urea) excess salts, sugars & water Bone picks up new red blood cells Spleen picks up new white blood cells
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Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??
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Regents Biology 2006-2007 Circulatory System Blood
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Regents Biology Blood & blood cells Blood is a tissue of fluid & cells plasma (55% of volume) fluid dissolved salts, sugars, proteins, and more cells (45% of volume) red blood cells (RBC) transport O 2 in hemoglobin white blood cells (WBC) defense & immunity platelets blood clotting
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Regents Biology Blood Cell production ribs, vertebrae, breastbone & pelvis Stem cells “parent” cells in bone marrow differentiate into many different types of cells white blood cells red blood cells white blood cells
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Regents Biology Red blood cells Small round cells produced in bone marrow lose nuclei & mitochondria more space for hemoglobin iron-containing protein that transports O 2 last 3-4 months (120 days) filtered out by liver ~3 million RBC destroyed each second
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Regents Biology Hemoglobin Protein which carries O 2 O2O2 O2O2 O2O2
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Regents Biology Red blood cell production 5-6 million RBC in tiny drop of human blood 5 liters of blood in body = 25 trillion RBC produce ~3 million RBC every second in bone marrow to replace cells lost each RBC 250,000 molecules hemoglobin each Hb molecule carries 4 O 2 each RBC carries 1 million O 2
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Regents Biology Blood clotting fibrin protein fibers build clot emergency repair of circulatory system platelets seal the hole chemical emergency signals
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Regents Biology Cardiovascular disease Atherosclerosis & Arteriosclerosis deposits inside arteries (plaques) develop in inner wall of the arteries, narrowing their channel increase blood pressure increase risk of heart attack, stroke, kidney damage normal arteryhardening of arteries
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Regents Biology Cardiovascular health Genetic effects Diet diet rich in animal fat increases risk of CV disease Exercise & lifestyle smoking & lack of exercise increases risk of CV disease bypass surgery
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Regents Biology Cardiovascular health (U.S. 2001) Heart Disease 696,947 Cancer 557,271 Stroke 162,672 Chronic lower respiratory diseases 124,816 Accidents (unintentional injuries) 106,742 Diabetes 73,249 Influenza/Pneumonia 65,681 Alzheimer's disease 58,866 Nephritis, nephrotic syndrome & nephrosis 40,974 Septicemia 33,865
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Regents Biology Heart Disease Heart disease death rates 1996-2002 Adults ages 35 and older
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Regents Biology Women & Heart Disease Heart disease is 3rd leading cause of death among women aged 25–44 years & 2nd leading cause of death among women aged 45–64 years. Risk factors Smoking Lack of exercise High fat diet Overweight Death rates for heart disease per 100,000 women, 2002
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Regents Biology 2006-2007 Any Questions??
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Regents Biology Lymphatic system Parallel circulatory system transports WBC defending against infection collects interstitial fluid & returns to blood maintains volume & protein concentration of blood drains into circulatory system near junction of vena cava & right atrium transports fats from digestive system to circulatory system
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Regents Biology Lymph System
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Regents Biology Thermoregulation Vasoconstriction Vasodilation Vasodilation & vasoconstriction adjusts blood flow evaporative cooling
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Regents Biology Counter Current Exchange Cold blood Warm blood Capillary bed Veins 5˚C temperature of environment 36˚C core body temperature Artery blood from arteries warms blood in veins
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Regents Biology Coronary arteries bypass surgery
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