1. George D. Phillips NOAA/NWS Weather Forecast Office, Topeka, Kansas

2.  Convective wind events  Usually difficult unless bow echo or long-lived HP Supercell windstorm  Mid-summer high based stuff often not otherwise strong looking on radar  Orientation of winds to radar makes for challenges inferring strength of winds  Distance from radar makes for challenges in inferring surface wind speeds

3. Non-convective wind events – Often difficult unless tied to strong gradient winds around an intense extratropical cyclone – Can be difficult to tie the events to a radar or satellite feature – If precip, patterns may not stand out – Questions: – How large of an area will be affected? – How long will the strong wind threat last? – What product to issue?

4. Extratropical cyclone with strong pressure gradient Local isallobaric enhancement to pressure gradient Gravity waves? Wake lows - obviously associated with mature or dissipating Mesoscale Convective Systems Heat burst – associated often with otherwise innocuous convection, or the remains of convection NCDWEAWSPAASLLJ

24.  Strong synoptic system with strong LLJ  Late at night 0900 – 1200 UTC  East central Kansas  A number of observation sites with max gusts over 45 kts  Max gust measured 60 kts at EMP  EMP had gusts > 45 kts for 50 minutes  Tree, powerline and/or roof damage across parts of 5 counties in TOP CWA

44.  Strong synoptic system with strong LLJ  Overnight 0500 – 0900 UTC  East central Kansas  A number of observation sites with max gusts over 40 kts  Max gust measured 57 kts at UKL  Two rounds of strong winds for some sites  Large tree branches down and some roof damage

76.  Spring time  Evening or overnight event  Strong synoptic system & strong low-level jet  Strong damaging winds along or just north of mostly stratiform precipitation area

77.  If  Strong spring extratropical system with strong southerly low-level jet, and  Mostly stratiform precipitation area to the north of more intense or dying convection  Then  Watch for strong winds along or just north of northern edge of precipitation area

78.  Challenging  Watch 15 minute METARs and “mesonet” obs for strong wind gusts in favored area  Have a program that alerts for strong wind gusts  Near north edge of precip - Perhaps issue High Wind Warning for an area maybe 30-50 miles north/south of northern edge of precipitation for a couple hours  Extend in time/space as necessary  If weaker winds, perhaps Wind Advisory

79.  Issued when sustained winds of 40 mph or greater are occurring or expected to persist for an hour or longer or if winds of 58 mph or greater are expected for any duration.

80.  Look more closely at potential connection to gravity waves  Look at the “Duct Function” which may be useful for Wake Lows and Gravity Waves  If you have experienced such an event, or do in the future, let me know  George.Phillips@noaa.gov