1. Introduction to C Programming
ET2560 Introduction to C Programming
Introduction to C Programming
Unit 3 Programming Calculations Using Numeric Data
Unit 1 Presentations

2. Review of Unit 2
Unit 3: Review

3. Review: Conversion Program
#include <stdio.h> int main(void) { double dist_in_miles, dist_in_kms; printf("Convert miles to kilometers\n"); printf("Please enter the distance in miles: "); scanf("%lf", &dist_in_miles); dist_in_kms = * dist_in_miles; printf("The distance in kilometers is: "); printf("%f", dist_in_kms); return (0); }

4. Performing Calculations
Unit 3: Arithmetic Operators and Assignment Statements

5. Assignment Statement Used to change a variable
Stores a value, or computational result, in a variable
Looks like equation, but is NOT
Left side of assignment must be a variable (called lvalue)
Right side of assignment is expression
<Variable> = <Expression> ;
Meaning: "Put value of <Expression> into <Variable>"
Previous contents of <Variable> are lost
Data type of <Expression> should match data type of <Variable>

6. Assignment Statement Examples
days = 8; dist_in_kms = * dist_in_miles; value = value * 2; result = value - 10; average = sum / 3;

7. Expressions Could be a constant Could be a variable
52.6
Could be a variable
numberOfTurns
Could be a simple or complex calculation using operators
setting + 1
((tempF ) * (5.0/9.0))

8. Arithmetic Operators
Table 2.6
Remember: A number with a decimal point has the 'double' data type A number without a decimal point has the 'int' data type.

9. Mixed-type assignments
int m, n;
double p, x, y;
m = 3;
n = 2;
p = 2.0;
x = m / p;
/* result is 1.5 */
y = m / n;
/* result is 1.0! */
If both operands are int, the division is an int.
The type of the target does not matter to the division.

10. Assigning to an int vs. a double
double x;
int n;
x = 9 * 0.5;
n = 9 * 0.5;
Assigning to an int variable truncates
(the fraction part is discarded) x n
4.5 4

11. Casting an expression's type
This calculation produces the "wrong" answer:
int totalScores, numStudents;
double average;
totalScores = 569;
numStudents = 6;
average = totalScores / numStudents;
If the totalScores is 569, and numStudents is 6, the result in C is 94, but the desired answer is
Why ? Because the division is done with two ints.
By using a cast, we can promote the calculation to be a double:
average = (double)totalScores / numStudents;
Now, average is assigned 94.83

12. Classification of Operators
Unary Operators
Binary Operators
One operand
<op> a
Negation (-)
Positive (+)
Examples:
x = -y;
y = -3.1;
p = +x;
Two operands
a <op> b
Add (+)
Subtract (-)
Multiply (*)
Divide (/)
Remainder (%) or 'modulo'
Examples:
x = t + 4; z = 5 * x; y = (2 - y) / z; i = g % 2;

13. Rules of Precedence Which operation is done first?
(3 + x) * y / (height * )
Specifies order of operations in complex expressions
Parentheses Precedence Rules
Operator Precedence Rules
Associativity Rules

14. Parentheses Precedence Rules
What is inside parentheses is evaluated first.
Used to overrule the natural operator precedence order
Example:
(2 + 10) * 3 /* result is 36 */
Nested parentheses - innermost set is evaluated first.
(2 + (10 - 1)) * 3 /* result is 33 */

15. Operator Precedence Rules
Unary operations are performed first.
Multiplication and Division operations are second.
Addition and subtraction are last.
Example:
* 2 /* result is 11 */
The unary negation is first: (-3) + 7 * 2
The multiplication is next: (-3) + 14
The addition is last: 11

16. Associativity Rules
Multiple multiplication / division are done left-to-right:
8/2*4 /* result is 16, not 1 */
Multiple addition / subtraction are done left-to-right:
/* result is 5, not 3 */

17. Example from Electronics

18. Creating a Named Constant
To use a constant in a C program, create a named constant.
Created with #define, which defines a macro
Names are traditionally written in all caps.
The definition goes at the top of the file, with #include.
#define PI

19. Example - Area of a Circle

20. Example Program - Compute Area
#include <stdio.h> #define PI int main(void) { double radius, area; printf("Enter radius of a circle: "); scanf("%lf", &radius); area = PI * radius * radius; printf("Area is %f\n", area); return (0); }

21. Use of const Keyword Another means of specifying a constant:
Standardized with ANSI C
The const keyword specifies a read-only variable:
The variable cannot be changed by the program
const double PI = ;
No assignment statement is allowed:
PI = 0; /* Compiler prevents this */

22. Advanced Use of printf( )
Unit 3: More on the printf( ) Function

23. Formatting Output of Type int
Table 2.11
Displaying 234 and -234 Using Different Placeholders

24. Formatting Output of Type double
Table 2.13

25. Formatting Currency Amounts
Assume you have a dollar-and-cents amount to print:
double coinsInDollars;
What printf statement would you use to print a dollar sign, followed by a number with two decimal digits?
The answer is:
printf("$%.2f", coinsInDollars);

26. C Standard Libraries
Unit 3: Library Functions

27. C Standard Libraries
We have already seen the use of <stdio.h> for I/O functions:
printf
scanf
The <math.h> library is a collection of prewritten calculations.
Examples:
double x, y; x = pow(10, y); /* Calculates 10 ^ y */ x = sqrt(y); /* Calculates square root */

28. For more information on the math library, Google "math.h C library"
Table 3.1 pg 121
For more information on the math library, Google "math.h C library"

29. The enum Data Type
Unit 3: Enumerated Data Types

30. The enum Data Type With typedef keyword, creates a new data type
List of identifiers
Compiler associates these with constants
First in list is 0, next is 1, and so on
typedef enum { SUN, MON, TUE, WED, THU, FRI, SAT } days_t; days_t today;
today = SUN; /* 'today' is set to 0 */
printf("%d", today); /* prints '0', not "SUN" */

31. Example: Color Bands enum
Consider the Example below - what does this do?
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
typedef enum {
BLACK, BROWN, RED, ORANGE, YELLOW,
GREEN, BLUE, VIOLET, GRAY, WHITE } colorbands_t;
int main(void) {
colorbands_t firstBand = ORANGE;
colorbands_t secondBand = RED;
colorbands_t thirdBand = BROWN;
double res;
res = (firstBand * 10 + secondBand) * pow(10, thirdBand);
printf("Resistance is %.f\n", res);
return (0); }

32. Enum Data Type - Starting Value
An enum data type typically starts the first enum at 0:
typedef enum {ZERO, ONE} binary_t;
However, C provides a way to start the first enum at a different value:
typedef enum {A=1, B, C, D} alphabet_t;
(A is 1, B is 2, C is 3, D is 4)

33. Making Programs Appear Professional
Unit 3: Coding Standards

34. Coding Standards Purposes Corporate policies or guidelines Includes
Make code easier to read and understand
Make maintenance easier
Corporate policies or guidelines
Includes
Variable naming
Code formatting
Comments
Human factors

35. Variable Naming Be consistent in naming styles Pick meaningful names
Camel Case: dayOfWeek
Underscores: day_of_week
Pick meaningful names
Avoid excessively long names
Examples:
double inputCurrent, outputVoltage;
int partCount, loopCount;
Don't use such obscure or confusing names as:
double x, yy, my_football_team_rocks;

36. Code Formatting A program that “looks good” is easier to read.
Indent the body of a function
Insert spaces and blank lines for readability
Place only one statement on a line
These techniques are demonstrated in class materials and text.

37. Comments Use comments (not too few, not too many)
Comment code that is not obvious
Consider it a courtesy to yourself and those who come after
For the class lab assignments: Put the following information every time
/* Your name */ /* ET Instructor's name */ /* Unit # Lab # and Task # */

38. Human Factors Make programs user-friendly
Use spacing appropriately for separation as needed
Use newline characters in printf to create blank lines as needed
Spell correctly, especially in program output
Provide self-explanatory output text
Design a simple, easy-to-understand interface
Keep input and output neatly formatted

39. Coding Standards Example
#include <stdio.h>
#define PI
/* Your name */
/* This program accepts the radius of a circle, calculates the area, and outputs the radius and the area. */
int main(void) {
double radius; /* Stores radius entered by the user */
double area; /* Stores area after the calculation */
printf("Enter the radius of the circle: ");
scanf("%lf", &radius);
/* Calculate area as PI times r-squared */
area = PI * radius * radius;
/* Output the area */
printf("The area of a circle with radius %f is %f\n", radius, area);
return(0); }