1. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 211 Effort, Duration and Cost Lec 3 1

2. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2115-2 Software Project Estimation You can’t manage something which you can’t measure. We need some sort of measurement for: 1. Size of the project 2. Effort and cost Estimating software projects is notoriously poor. If performance doesn’t meet estimates then either 1. the performance was poor; or 2. the estimate was poor

3. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2113-3 The Estimation Process: In general, the Software Cost estimation process consist of the following four main steps: Estimate the size of the development product Estimate the effort in staff-months Estimate the schedule in calendar months Estimate the project cost in dollars (or reals)

4. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2115-4 Size Measurement or Complexity of Software Size matters! Direct impact on staffing, duration, and budget. Size indicators: size Lines of Code (KSLOC) Function Points estimated during the requirements analysis. It takes into account the inputs and outputs of the system Feature Points  number of algorithms used in the application Object Points Number of boxes on a data flow diagram Number of classes in a design diagram

5. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2115-5 Lines of Code Calculation The most commonly used size indicator. Not the best one! Prerequisite for LOC calculations: WBS Line = statement Line = data definition Line ≠ comments Line ≠ debug code Line ≠ test cases Different languages? Convert all to assembly Use tables: C=2.5, Fortran=3, Java=6, …

6. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2115-6 Function Points Uses the functionality of the software as a measure of its complexity. Analogy: For a given house, we can say how many square meters it has (LOC) or we can say how many bedrooms and bathrooms it has (FP). A measure of the functionality of a given software.

7. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-7 Effort and Duration Estimation Now that we have an idea about the size of the software, we can estimate the effort and duration required to complete the development. Effort: staff-months (staff-weeks, staff-days, …) Duration: months (days, years, …)

8. Steps in Sizing and Estimating Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2118

9. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-9 Effort Estimation Given the size of the software, how many staff-months are needed to complete the project? Many methods to estimate effort: COCOMO (COnstructive COst MOdel) COCOMO II SLIM (Software LIfecycle Management) These methods use historical data for estimation. COCOMO uses regression: establishes a relationship between the mean value and the corresponding values of one or more independent cases. SLIM uses the Rayleigh distribution.

10. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-10 Duration Estimation Wait a minute! If we know the effort in staff-months already, doesn’t duration=effort/staff-size ? For software projects, duration depends not only on staff size but also on other factors: Environment effects Life cycle and development process Class and complexity of software (db, banking, real-time, scientific, multimedia, …) … That’s why duration should be calculated using mathematical methods based on historical data. Don’t forget: throwing more resources (e.g. staff) at a project can only shorten duration up to a certain point!

11. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 4665-11 Environmental Factors 14 factors: Data Communications Distributed Computing Performance Requirements Constrained Configuration Transaction Rate Reusability Ease of Operation … For a given project, each factor is rated from 0 (no effect) to 5 (highly affects).

12. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-12 COCOMO Based on 63 projects from the 70s. Divides projects into 3 modes and 3 levels. Modes: Organic: little innovation, few deadlines and constraints, stable environment; e.g. payroll, inventory Semiattached: some innovation, moderate deadlines and constraints, environment somewhat fluid ;e.g., compilers, editors Embedded: much innovation, tight deadlines and constraints, complex environment ;e.g., real-time systems, traffic control, weapon systems.

13. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-13 COCOMO Levels Different factors are taken into account at each level to achieve greater accuracy in estimates: Basic: uses size Intermediate: uses size and 15 additional variables called “cost drivers” Detailed: uses Intermediate plus phase-sensitive effort multipliers (e.g., memory constraints during testing phase) and a 3-level product hierarchy: system, subsystem, and module. Hierarchy levels similar to WBS Each cost driver affects differently at each level; e.g., language experience might apply only at the module level, whereas reliability applies at all 3 levels.

14. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-14 COCOMO Modes and Levels

15. SEG 41004-15 WBS Example

16. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-16 COCOMO Basic Effort = a  Size b Basic Organic:E = 2.4  Size 1.05 TDEV = 2.5  E 0.38 Basic Semiattached: E = 3.0  Size 1.12 TDEV = 2.5  E 0.35 Basic Embedded:E = 3.6  Size 1.20 TDEV = 2.5  E 0.32 E =Effort in staff-months b=constant derived from regression analysis based on the project TDEV=Time to Development (duration) in months (project duration estimate) Size in KLOC (1000 lines of code)

17. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-17 Example An 8000 LOC basic organic project takes: E = 2.4  8 1.05 = 21.3 ≈ 22 staff-months TDEV = 2.5  22 0.38 = 8.09 ≈ 8.1 months How Many developers is needed? S(average Staff)=effort/TDEV P(Productivity)=size/effort

18. Example Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2113-18 A Basic Semiattached software project has been estimated, using COCOMO, to require 100 staff-days. What is the size of this software? How long will it take to complete the development of this software? (1) E = 3 * Size ^ 1.12 (2) TDEV = 2.5 * E ^ 0.35 E = 100 staff days E = 100/20 staff months (20 working days per month is standard) = 5 staff-months Therefore, subbing into (1): 5 = 3 * Size ^ 1.12 5/3 = Size ^ 1.12 log (5/3) = 1.12 log (Size) Size = 1.58 KLOCs TDEV = 2.5*5^.35, Therefore, duration TDEV = 4.4 months

19. Example Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2113-19 Using basic COCOMO, an innovative real-time software project with tight deadlines has been estimated to take 2 years. What is the approximate size of this software? Ans: 124,000 lines of code ** Basic Organic: E = 2.4  Size 1.05 TDEV = 2.5  E 0.38 Basic Semiattached: E = 3.0  Size 1.12 TDEV = 2.5  E 0.35 Basic Embedded: E = 3.6  Size 1.20 TDEV = 2.5  E 0.32 E =Effort in staff-months TDEV=Time to Development in months Size in KLOC

20. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-20 COCOMO Intermediate Intermediate Organic:E = 3.2  Size 1.05  C Intermediate Semiattached: E = 3.0  Size 1.12  C Intermediate Embedded:E = 2.8  Size 1.20  C Duration same as Basic. “C” is the product of all Cost Drivers. Sometimes referred to as Effort Adjustment Factor. C = RELY  DATA  CPLX  TIME  STOR  VIRT  TURN  ACAP  AEXP  PCAP  VEXP  LEXP  MODP  TOOL  SCED What’s wrong with these adjustment factors?

21. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-21 COCOMO pros and cons Pros: Historical data based on real projects Repeatable Organizations can tailor the process using the adjustment factors Relatively easy to use What are some disadvantages of COCOMO? Primarily represents development from planning to implementation. It doesn’t consider maintenance, rework, porting and integration, reuse. QA and configuration management is only about 5% of the total budget, that’s not true in practice in modern projects. It assumes waterfall, as opposed to spiral life cycle. It ignores management overhead. It ignores staff turnover. It ignore customer attributes: skill cooperation, responsiveness

22. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-22 COCOMO II Came out in mid 90’s COCOMO fits the conventional software development Modern software developments has different characteristics: Spiral Life Cycle CASE tools for rapid prototyping object-oriented software Software reuse COCOMO II: takes CMM levels into account matches with the modern development process looks at 161 projects

23. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 2116-23 Observation Given the sequence of actions that took us to this point from the beginning, what is the most influential factor in having good estimates? Requirements WBSAnalysis Design Size Effort & Duration

24. Task Dependency Types 24

25. Dr. M. Shamim HossainSWE 211 متشکرم 25