2. One of these images shows measurements that is ‘accurate, but not precise’ and one shows measurements that are ‘precise, but not accurate’ Which is which? We will revisit this later in the lesson. A B

3.  Mr. Mason  Lessons: Wednesday P1&2, Friday P5&6 Mr. MasonMr. Gillett MechanicsElectrons, Waves & Photons Practical Skills 1

4.  You will need a folder to keep your current work and assessments in.  To get the best grades you can, youll need to do work at home beyond homework.  Before each class, you must have read the double page spread in the textbook.  http://www.physics- oasis.co.uk/timetable_ASphysics.html http://www.physics- oasis.co.uk/timetable_ASphysics.html  If you need any help, my room is C5 (Here!)  Or email me on nick.mason@oasisenfield.orgnick.mason@oasisenfield.org

5.  Candidates should be able to:  (a) explain that some physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit;  (b) use correctly the named units listed in this specification as appropriate;  (c) use correctly the following prefixes and their symbols to indicate decimal sub-multiples or multiples of units: pico (p), nano (n), micro (μ), milli (m), centi (c), kilo (k), mega (M), giga,(G), tera (T);  (d) Make suitable estimates of physical quantities included within this specification.

7. Physics is a fascinating science. It deals with times that range from less than 10 -22 s, the half-life of helium 5 to 1.4 x10 10 years, the probable ’age’ of our Universe.

8. Physicists study temperatures from within a billionth of a degree above absolute zero to almost 200 million degrees, the temperature in the plasma in a fusion reactor

9. An investigation of the mass of a quantum of FM radio radiation (2.3x10 -42 kg) and the ‘size’ of a proton (1.3x10 -15 m) all fall within the World of Physics!

10.  It is vital to realise that all the quantities mentioned above contain a number and then a unit of measurement.  Without one or other the measurement would be meaningless.  Imagine saying that the world record for the long jump was 8.95 (missing out the metres) or that the mass of an apple was kilograms (missing out the 0.30)!

11. In 60 Seconds, List as many units as you can!

12.  All units used in Physics are based on the International System (SI) of units which is based on the following seven base units.

13.  Mass - measured in kilograms  The kilogram (kg): this is the mass equal to that of the international prototype kilogram kept at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures at Sevres, France.  Length - measured in metres  The metre (m): this is the distance travelled by electromagnetic waves in free space in 1/299,792,458 s.  Time - measured in seconds  The second: this is the duration of 9,192,631,770 periods of the radiation corresponding to the transition between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of caesium 137 atom.

14.  Electric current - measured in amperes.  The ampere: this is that constant current which, if maintained in two parallel straight conductors of infinite length and of negligible circular cross section placed 1 metre apart in a vacuum would produce a force between them of 2 x 10 -7 N.  Temperature - measured in Kelvin  The Kelvin: this is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of water.  Luminous intensity - measured in candelas  The candela: this is the luminous intensity in a given direction of a source that emits monochromatic radiation of frequency 540x10 12 Hz that has a radiant intensity of 1/683 watt per steradian  Amount of substance - measured in moles  The mole: this is the amount of substance of a system that contains as any elementary particles as there are in 0.012 kg of carbon-12.

15. QuantityUnit Masskg (kilograms) Lengthm (metres) Times (seconds) Electric CurrentA (amperes) TemperatureK (Kelvin) Amount of substancemol (moles) Luminositycd (Candela)

17.  How many of what?  It's simply a collection of different animals - you cannot add them together!

18.  It is most important to realise that these units are for separate measurements – you can’t add together quantities with different units.  For example five kilograms plus twenty-five metres has no meaning.

19.  Units can be multiplied just like quantities.  For example:  Mass x Length  (kg) x (m)  (kg m)

20.  Dividing Units works just the same  For example:  Speed = Distance / Time  Distance is measured in (m)  Time is measured in (s)  = (m) / (s)  = (m/s) or (ms -1 )  Speed is measured in (ms -1 ) Remember: 1/s = s -1

21.  1) Area = Length (m) x Width (m). What are the units of Area?  2) Acceleration = Velocity (ms -1 ) / Time (s) What are the units of acceleration?  3) Charge = Current (A) x time (s). What are the units for charge in base units?

22. Practice Questions l Check that the following are dimensionally correct l 1. s=ut + 1 / 2 at 2 l Dimensions of s= l Dimensions of ut = l Dimensions of 1 / 2 at 2 = l 2. Show that F= mv 2 /r is dimensionally homogeneous for the movement of mass m in a circle. l 3. Show that E= mc 2 is dimensionally homogeneous.

23. Answers l 1) (m) l 2) (kg m s -2 ) l 3) (kg m 2 s -2 )

24.  Some physical quantities consist of a numerical magnitude and a unit  You can only add/ subtract similar units.  Units can be multiplied or divided  Seven base units. This means they cannot be expressed in any other combination of units.  Use correctly the named units listed in this specification as appropriate

26.  In Physics we often deal with very small or very large numbers and it is important to understand how these may be represented.  http://htwins.net/scale2/ http://htwins.net/scale2/

27. Prefixes are used with the unit symbols to indicate decimal multiples or submultiples. What would these mean if you found them in front of a unit ?

28.  It is important to understand how to use your own calculator; they can all be slightly different. This is especially true when dealing with powers of ten.  Remember that 5.4x10 4 is keyed in as 5.4 EXP 4 but that 10 5 (One followed by FIVE noughts) is keyed in as 1 EXP 5 and NOT 10 EXP 5.  (Some calculators have an EE key in place of the EXP)

29.  Distance a finger nail grows in 1s 10 -9 m  Distance across an atom 10 -10 m  Wavelength of yellow light6x10 -7 m  Diameter of a human hair5x10 -6 m  World record long jump (man 2007)8.95 m  Height of an adult1.75 m  Length of a marathon (approximately)40 000 m Extension: Find out what prefix would be most suitable for these measurements  Distance light travels in a year10 16 m  Radius of the observable universe10 25 m  ‘Diameter’ of a sub nuclear particle10 -15 m

30. How Science works: Taking measurements

31. When you take measurements there may be some variation in the readings. If you time the fall of a paper parachute over a fixed distance, the times may vary slightly. 10.1 s, 10.2 s, 9.9 s, 10.0 s, 10.4 s Let’s look at these results more closely. Why is there a difference between these results? For example:

32. Taking measurements The results were: 10.1 s, 10.2 s, 9.9 s, 10.0 s, 10.4 s What is the Range of these results?

33. Taking measurements : Range The results were: 10.1 s, 10.2 s, 9.9 s, 10.0 s, 10.4 s and the maximum value Range= max – min= 10.4 – 9.9= 0.5 s Find the minimum value

34. Taking measurements : Mean The results were: 10.1 s, 10.2 s, 9.9 s, 10.0 s, 10.4 s What is the mean (or average) of these results?

35. Taking measurements : Mean The results were: 10.1 s, 10.2 s, 9.9 s, 10.0 s, 10.3 s Add up the 5 numbers: 10.1+10.2+9.9+10.0+10.4 = 50.6 There are 5 items, so divide by 5: Mean (or average) = = 50.6 5 = 10.1 s Why is the mean recorded to 3 significant figures?

36. Taking measurements : Mean The results were: 10.1 s, 10.2 s, 9.9 s, 10.0 s, 10.4 s Why is it a good idea to calculate the mean of your results? Because it improves the reliability of your results. Your results will be more reliable.

38. Definitions Accuracy and Precision …sound the same thing… …is there a difference??

39. One of these images shows measurements that is ‘accurate, but not precise’ and one shows measurements that are ‘precise, but not accurate’ Which is which?. A B

40. . A B ‘accurate, but not precise’ ‘precise, but not accurate’

41. Definitions : Accuracy In your experiments, you need to consider the accuracy of your measuring instrument. For example: It is also likely to be more sensitive. So it will respond to smaller changes in temperature. An expensive thermometer is likely to be more accurate than a cheap one. It will give a result nearer to the true value.

42. As well as accuracy, precision is also important. For example: Precision is connected to the smallest scale division on the measuring instrument that you are using. Definitions : Precision

43. For example, using a ruler: Definitions : Precision A ruler with a millimetre scale will give greater precision than a ruler with a centimetre scale.

44. For example: A precise instrument also gives a consistent reading when it is used repeatedly for the same measurements. Definitions : Precision

45. For example, 2 balances: A B A beaker is weighed on A, 3 times: The readings are: 73 g, 77 g, 71 g It is then weighed on B, 3 times: The readings are: 75 g, 73 g, 74 g So the Range is: = 2 g = 6 g Balance B has better precision. Its readings are grouped closer together. Definitions : Precision So the Range is:

46. Accuracy compared with Precision Suppose you are measuring the length of a wooden bar: 0 The length has a true value true value Let’s look at 3 cases… And we can take measurements of the length, like this:

47. Accuracy compared with Precision 0 true value 0 0 Precise (grouped) but not accurate. Accurate (the mean) but not precise. Accurate and Precise.

48. The meaning of ‘variation’ and ‘range’, How to calculate the mean (or average), and why this improves the reliability of your results, The difference between ‘accuracy’ and ‘precision’. Learning Outcomes You should now understand:

49.  This is a method of comparing experimental values of a quantity to the accepted precise measurement  Percentage difference=  (experimental value-accepted measurement) x100%  accepted measurement  It tells you how accurate you were  E.g. g = 9.81m/s 2, measured 10.82 m/s 2  Percentage difference = (10.82-9.81)/9.81 x 100%= 10.3%  Not very accurate.

50.  Greater than 20% - rubbish  Greater than 10%, less than 20% Poor  Greater than 5% less than 10% very good  Less than 5% - excellent.