1. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-051 PHY313 - CEI544 The Mystery of Matter From Quarks to the Cosmos Spring 2005 Peter Paul Office Physics D-143 www.physics.sunysb.eduwww.physics.sunysb.edu PHY313

2. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-052 The Mystery of Matter: The Course The Goal: To understand at a conceptual level… the current knowledge about the origin and forms of matter, the basic building blocks and what holds them together, the appearance of matter in the Universe and its evolution the open issues and plans to resolve them the spin-offs and benefits to society derived from the quest to understand “Matter”. The Process: The Course will.. be entirely web based: http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/itp/lectures /05-Spring/PHY313/ be rigorous in explaining the science without mathematical derivations or complex formulae, issue 5 to 6 homework problems each week, due the next week, based on material covered each week. The grade will be based on that homework with an optional final for extra credit http://www.physics.sunysb.edu/

3. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-053 Visit to BNL on March 31 The Goal: To visit the RHIC accelerator and its two large detectors, STAR & PHENIX The relativistic heavy ion collider uses heavy ion collisions to recreate the universe as it existed ~ 1  s after the Big Bang The tour buses(free) will start here at the beginning of the class and will return by the end of the class. Participation will be optional without impact on course grade. Registration on March 3. http://www.bnl.gov/rhic/ The STAR Detector at RHIC

4. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-054 Brookhaven National Laboratory

5. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-055 The View in 1898: Physics is complete THEN CAME THE REVOLUTION

6. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-056 The State of Physics at the End of 1900 Newton “invents” mechanics Maxwell completes electrodynamics – Light is just an EM wave – Incorporates Optics into EM Helmholtz & Boltzmann complete thermodynamics Then Planck discovers energy quantization Einstein “sees” the connections between these fields, before Quantum mechanics was developed. MECHANICS THERMO- DYNAMICS ELECTRO- DYNAMICS OPTICS ENERGY QUANTIZATION

7. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-057 1905: The Year of Albert Einstein http://www.aip.org/history/einstein/ In 1905 Einstein produced 3 break-through papers: 1. Photoelectric effect: Light is an energy quantum that can be treated like a particle. E = h 2. Brownian motion: heat is kinetic energy of small particles moving in a medium: 3. Special Relativity: The speed of light must be the same in all inertial reference frame: E = mc 2 4. His Gedanken Experiments established a whole new way to gain physical insight

8. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-058 The Scales of Physics

9. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-059 The Nomenclature of Dimensions Prefixes that define powers of ten FractionPrefix Symbol 10E(-18)attoa 10E(-15)femtof 10E(-12)picop 10E(-9)nanon 10E(-6)micro  10E(-3)millim 1 MultiplePrefixSymbol 10E(3)kilok 10E(6)MegaM 10E(9)GigaG 10E(12)TeraT 10E(15)PetaP 10E(18)ExaE

10. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0510 The Scales of Nature http://www.falstad.com/scale/ http://imartinez.etsin.upm.es/ot1/Scale s.html http://imartinez.etsin.upm.es/ot1/Scale s.html The Planck Scales as the ultimate for our current theory in the Universe: T Pl = (G h/c 5 ) 1/2 Planck Length = 1.6 x 10 -33 cm Planck Time = 5.4 x 10 -44 s Planck Energy = 1.2 x 10 19 GeV G = gravitational constant 6.67 x 10-11 N m 2 /kg 2

11. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0511 Red blood cells (~7-8  m) DNA ~2-1/2 nm diameter Things Natural Things Manmade Fly ash ~ 10-20  m Atoms of silicon spacing ~tenths of nm Head of a pin 1-2 mm Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface positioned one at a time with an STM tip Corral diameter 14 nm Human hair ~ 60-120  m wide Ant ~ 5 mm Dust mite 200  m ATP synthesis ~10 nm diameter Nanotube electrode Carbon nanotube ~1.3 nm diameter The Challenge Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage. Microworl d 0.1 nm 1 nanometer (nm) 0.01  m 10 nm 0.1  m 100 nm 1 micrometer (  m) 0.01 mm 10  m 0.1 mm 100  m 1 millimeter (mm) 1 cm 10 mm 10 -2 m 10 -3 m 10 -4 m 10 -5 m 10 -6 m 10 -7 m 10 -8 m 10 -9 m 10 -10 m Visible Nanoworl d 1,000 nanometers = Infrared Ultraviolet Microwave Soft x-ray 1,000,000 nanometers = Zone plate x-ray “lens” Outer ring spacing ~35 nm Office of Basic Energy Sciences Office of Science, U.S. DOE Version 01-18-05, pmd The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices 10 -100  m wide Red blood cells Pollen grain Carbon buckyball ~1 nm diameter Self-assembled, Nature-inspired structure Many 10s of nm

12. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0512 Planck’s Constant h The two most important constants in Nature are: The speed of light c C = 2.998 x 10 8 m/s Planck’s constant h h = 6.626 x 10 -34 J s or 4.137 x 10 -15 eV s h is a very small amount of “action” h c = 1240 eV nm Relativity becomes important when velocity ~ c Quantum effects become important when energy x size ~ h c Example from chip design: Energy scale ~ 3 eV Size ~ 1240/3 nm = 400 nm This is a very practical dimension!

13. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0513 The Energy Scale of Matter http://www.jca.umbc.edu/~george/html/cour ses/glossary/key_energies.html http://www.jca.umbc.edu/~george/html/cour ses/glossary/key_energies.html Energy units in the standard system is the Joule, 1 W = 1 J/s In advanced physics the energy unit is the eV, the energy it takes to accelerate one electric charge with a potential of 1 Volt. This unit is very small 1 eV = 1.6 10 -19 Joules 1000 eV = 1 keV 1 Million eV = 1 MeV 1 Billion eV = 1 GeV A 27-in TV accelerates electrons to 30 keV, The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider accelerates Au ions to 100 GeV x 197 ~ 20 TeV about 1 Billion times your TV

14. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0514 Energy scale of microscopic matter Atoms eV to keV Materials 0.1 eV Nuclei MeV Elementary particles 100 MeV to GeV Largest existing accelerator (LHC) 16 TeV = 1.6 x 10 3 GeV Unification scale 10 16 GeV Planck Energy 1.2 x 10 19 GeV Thermal scales: Room temperature 1/40 eV Temperature of the sun surface 6000 degrees ~ 0.5 eV Temperature to melt nuclei 170 MeV = 2000 x Billions of the temperature at the surface of the sun

15. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0515 The Scale of the Fundamental Forces http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/astr162/lect/cosmology/forces.html http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/forces/funfor.html We know four fundamental forces. (There may exist a fifth ) InteractionRelative Magnitude RangeEffect Strong force10E(40)Very shortBinds nuclei Electromagnetic force 10E(38)Very longBinds atoms and condensed matter Weak nuclear force10E(15)Very shortProduces beta decay Gravity1Very longBinds stellar systems

16. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0516 Some questions about fundamental forces Why is there such a mismatch in the range of the various forces? Why is there such a huge difference in the strengths of the different forces? Why are there 4 different forces, instead of just one? At sufficiently high energies they all come together But where is gravity?

17. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0517 What is Mass and where does it come from Mass defined by Newtons second law: Force = Mass x Acceleration M = F / a in kg units But a macroscopic body of mass M consists of many small pieces that can move around inside the body. Where do the little pieces get their mass from? LHC and RHIC will provide the answer for that. But what about the mass of the Universe; Where does it come from?

18. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0518 First Homework Set, due Feb. 3, 2005 1. Describe briefly the 3 important discoveries that Einstein published in 1905. 2. What insight made it possible for Maxwell to incorporate Optics into Electrodynamics? 3. Give the approximate dimensions of the Earth, an ant, an atom and a nucleus, with their appropriate dimensional prefixes. 4. Name the four forces that we encounter in Nature and describe briefly what action they perform. 5. If you ( weight 50 kg) run down a ski slope on a snowboard at a velocity of 10 m/s your energy of motion is ~ 2500 Joules. Explain why you don’t have to worry about the theory of relativity to describe your motion. 6. If the same snow boarder collides with another person during 1 second, explain why quantum effects are not important.

19. Peter Paul 01/27/05PHY313-CEI544 Spring-0519 How to submit Homework You have 3 possibilities: 1. Submit it ti me in class on the date it is due. 2. Put it in the TA’s (Xiao Shen) mailbox in the Physics Department main office on or before the due date 3. Submit it him by e-mail at the address: xshen@ic.sunysb.eduxshen@ic.sunysb.edu Please DO NOT submit it to me by e-mail