1. Network Monitoring and Management ICMP and SNMP

2. ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol RFC 792 Transfer of (control) messages from routers and hosts to hosts Feedback about problems –e.g. time to live expired Encapsulated in plain IP datagram –Not reliable

3. incoming frame RARPARP UDP Application TCP Application IGMPICMP Ethernet Driver IP Application Transport Network Link

4. (Ethernet frame types in hex, others in decimal) dest addr source addr Ethernet frame type data CRC dest addr source addr data protocol type IP header hdr cksum ARP IP data TCP src port header TCP dest port FTP server telnet server SMTP 23 7 25 21 UDP 17 6 1 TCP x0800 x0806 ICMP

5. ICMP Types

7. ICMP Uses IP but is a separate protocol in the network layer ICMP messages contain –Type –Code –1 st 8 bytes of “bad” datagram IP HEADER PROTOCOL = 1 TYPE CODE CHECKSUM REMAINDER OF ICMP MESSAGE (FORMAT IS TYPE SPECIFIC) IP HEADER IP DATA

8. ICMP Message Formats

12. Destination Unreachable TYPE CODE CHECKSUM UNUSED IP HEADER + 64 bits data from original DG TYPE = 3 CODE 0 = Net unreachable 1 = Host unreachable 2 = Protocol unreachable 3 = Port unreachable 4 = Fragmentation needed but DF set 5 = Source route failed 6 = Dest network unknown 7 = Dest host unknown

13. Source Quench TYPE CODE CHECKSUM UNUSED IP HEADER + 64 bits data from original DG TYPE = 4; CODE = 0 Flow control: Indicates that a router has dropped the original DG or may indicate that a router is approaching its capacity limit. Correct behavior for source host is not defined.

15. Time Exceeded TYPE CODE CHECKSUM UNUSED IP HEADER + 64 bits data from original DG TYPE = 11 CODE 0 = Time to live exceeded in transit 1 = Fragment reassembly time exceeded

16. Redirect TYPE CODE CHECKSUM NEW ROUTER ADDRESS IP HEADER + 64 bits data from original DG TYPE = 5 CODE = 0 = Network redirect 1 = Host redirect 2 = Network redirect for specific TOS 3 = Host redirect for specific TOS

17. Redirection Concept Internet

19. QUERY Message: Echo and Echo Reply TYPE CODE CHECKSUM IDENTIFIER SEQUENCE # DATA …. TYPE = 8 = ECHO; 0 = ECHO REPLY CODE = 0 IDENTIFIER An identifier to aid in matching echoes and replies SEQUENCE # Same use as for IDENTIFIER UNIX “ping” uses echo/echo reply

20. Replaced by Network Time Protocol (NTP)

21. Using Ping [wirth:~] [4:15pm] -> ping www.uakron.edu PING arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=0 ttl=62 time=0.512 ms 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=1 ttl=62 time=0.449 ms 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=2 ttl=62 time=1.38 ms 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=3 ttl=62 time=0.439 ms 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=4 ttl=62 time=0.448 ms 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=5 ttl=62 time=0.496 ms 64 bytes from arwen.uakron.edu (130.101.81.50): icmp_seq=6 ttl=62 time=0.449 ms --- arwen.uakron.edu ping statistics --- 7 packets transmitted, 7 received, 0% packet loss, time 6001ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 0.439/0.596/1.383/0.323 ms, pipe 2 [wirth:~] [4:16pm] ->

22. Extended Ping IP header options can be used along with ICMP: route recording, timestamping, source routing Used for path MTU discovery

23. Traceroute UNIX utility - displays router used to get to a specified Internet Host (Van Jacobson, 1988) Operation –router sends ICMP Time Exceeded message to source if TTL is decremented to 0 –if TTL starts at 5, source host will receive Time Exceeded message from router that is 5 hops away Traceroute sends a series of UDP probes (to port ~33500) with different TTL values… and records the source address of the ICMP Time Exceeded message for each Probes are formatted so that the destination host will send an ICMP Port Unreachable message

24. Traceroute and ICMP (2) Trace the route of an IP packet Router 1 Source Router 2 Destination Timeline:TTL=1 Router 1 known TTL=2 Router 2 known TTL=3 Destination known

25. Traceroute and ICMP (3) Trace the route of an IP packet –Upon reaching destination, No “Time exceeded” message generated How do you know when final destination is reached? –Traceroute sends to unused UDP port (>30000), generating an ICMP “destination unreachable” message With code “port unreachable”

26. Taceroute mymachine:~% traceroute www.cis.ksu.edu traceroute to polaris.cis.ksu.edu (129.130.10.93), 30 hops max, 40 byte packets 1 wraith.facnet.mcs.kent.edu (131.123.46.1) 0.878 ms 0.620 ms 0.553 ms 2 ghost.uis-mcs.mcs.kent.edu (131.123.40.1) 6.000 ms 3.366 ms 2.632 ms 3 lib2-255x248-e37-lib.gate.kent.edu (131.123.255.254) 7.170 ms 3.552 ms 4.477 ms 4 twcneo-cw.neo.rr.com (204.210.223.3) 9.515 ms 15.167 ms 18.687 ms 5 bordercore4-hssi1-0.NorthRoyalton.cw.net (166.48.233.253) 17.864 ms 10.971 ms 14.652 ms 6 core4.WillowSprings.cw.net (204.70.4.73) 23.438 ms 22.099 ms 17.397 ms 7 wsp-sprint2-nap.WillowSprings.cw.net (206.157.77.94) 18.367 ms 22.854 ms 20.267 ms 8 sl-bb11-chi-2-1.sprintlink.net (144.232.10.157) 23.518 ms 24.528 ms 18.757 ms 9 sl-bb12-chi-5-1.sprintlink.net (144.232.10.6) 21.197 ms 31.452 ms 15.050 ms 10 sl-bb10-kc-7-1.sprintlink.net (144.232.9.117) 46.752 ms * 40.125 ms 11 sl-gw5-kc-0-0-0.sprintlink.net (144.232.2.62) 38.360 ms 48.002 ms 44.795 ms 12 sl-uok-1-0-0.sprintlink.net (144.232.132.14) 93.256 ms 67.070 ms 61.727 ms 13 ks-1-ks-ksu.r.greatplains.net (164.113.232.193) 77.743 ms 64.566 ms 67.117 ms 14 164.113.212.250 (164.113.212.250) 59.988 ms 46.188 ms 55.616 ms 15 129.130.252.9 (129.130.252.9) 68.211 ms 67.881 ms 75.441 ms 16 polaris.cis.ksu.edu (129.130.10.93) 76.462 ms 54.838 ms *

27. PMTU-D TCP: path- MTU discovery

29. SNMP Where did it come from ? –Internet Engineering Task Force Network Management Area –SNMP v1 –MIBv1, MIBv2 –SNMP v2 (?) –SNMP v3 (?)

30. SNMPv1 History RFC 1157, 1990: –“A Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)” RFC 1155, 1158, 1213, 1990: –Specification of the MIBv2 Written in ASN.1

32. Protocol context of SNMP

33. SNMPv1 Protocol Five Simple Messages: get-request get-next-request get-response set-request trap

34. SNMP - SNMP Message Handling - SNMP Manager SNMP Agent GetRequest (What is the value of MIB?) GetResponse (The value is XXXX!) GetNextRequest (What is the next value of MIB Tree ?) GetResponse ( The value is XXXX!) SetRequest (Modify the value of OID) Trap (Problem happened!)

35. SNMPv1: UDP ports Manager Agent get_request get_next_request get_response port 161 port 162 get_response set_request trap

36. SNMPv1 Packet Format UDP Header VersionCommunity PDU Type Request ID Error Status Error Index namevaluename... SNMP version (0 is for version 1) Community (read-only, read-write): –Shared “password” between agent and manager PDU: Specifies request type Request ID Error Status Error Index

37. Community Names Community names are used to define where an SNMP message is destined for. Set up your agents to belong to certain communities. Set up your management applications to monitor and receive traps from certain community names.

38. RFC 1065 (MIB Structure) “Structure and Identification of Management Information for TCP/IP-based Internets (SMI)” Uses Abstract Syntax Notation 1 (ASN.1) Types of information –Network Address –IP Address –Counter (32 bit monotonically increasing) –Gauge (32 bit variable) –Timeticks (time in hundredths of a second) –Opaque (arbitrary syntax for text data) Adopted as a full standard in RFC 1155 (basically unchanged)

39. MIB definitions RFC 1066 - MIB definitions using RFC 1065 (RFC 1155) (Rose & McCloghrie) First version of the MIB now called MIB-I Adopted as a full standard in RFC 1156 (essentially unchanged from 1066) RFC 1158 - extends MIB-I and defines MIB-II Adopted as a full standard in RFC 1213

40. Vendor extensions to MIB RFC 1156 (MIB-I) allowed for vendor specific extensions to be included in the MIB Allows for additional management information about devices not provided for in the standard MIB For example: CPU utilisation Normal for devices to support all of MIB-II PLUS have their own vendor-specific extensions

41. SNMP NAMES

42. OSI Object Identifier Tree

43. SNMP - MIB Tree - Objects are managed by the tree Expressed in a row of values divided by the period root iso(1) ccitt(0)Joint-iso-ccitt(2) org(3) dod(6) Internet(1) directory(1)mgmt(2)exprimental(3) private(4) mib-2(1)enterprise(1) Standard MIBs Vendor-specific MIBs

44. SNMP Naming question: how to name every possible standard object (protocol, data, more..) in every possible network standard?? answer: ISO Object Identifier (OID) tree: –hierarchical naming of all objects –each branchpoint has name, number 1.3.6.1.2.1.7.1 ISO ISO-ident. Org. US DoD Internet udpInDatagrams UDP MIB2 management

45. SNMP - OID - OID Expression –iso(1). org(3). dod(6). internet(1). mgmt(2). mib2(1) ->.1.3.6.1.2.1 e.g. sysDscr =.1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1 = mib-2.1.1 = system.1 Subtree Name OIDDescription system1.3.6.1.2.1.1 Defines a list of objects that pertain to system operation, such as the system uptime, system contact, and system name. interfaces1.3.6.1.2.1.2 Keeps track of the status of each interface on a managed entity. The interfaces group monitors which interfaces are up or down and tracks such things as octets sent and received, errors and discards, etc. at1.3.6.1.2.1.3 The address translation (at) group is deprecated and is provided only for backward compatibility. It will probably be dropped from MIB-III. ip1.3.6.1.2.1.4 Keeps track of many aspects of IP, including IP routing. icmp1.3.6.1.2.1.5 Tracks things such as ICMP errors, discards, etc. tcp1.3.6.1.2.1.6 Tracks, among other things, the state of the TCP connection (e.g., closed, listen, synSent, etc.). udp1.3.6.1.2.1.7 Tracks UDP statistics, datagrams in and out, etc. egp1.3.6.1.2.1.8 Tracks various statistics about EGP and keeps an EGP neighbor table. transmission1.3.6.1.2.1.10 There are currently no objects defined for this group, but other media-specific MIBs are defined using this subtree. snmp1.3.6.1.2.1.11 Measures the performance of the underlying SNMP implementation on the managed entity and tracks things such as the number of SNMP packets sent and received.

46. SNMP - MIB & OID - SNMP Manager can acquire the management information defined by MIB(Management Information Base) from Agent –Current version : MIBv2 RFC 1213 –MIB is the aggregate of object (information) on the equipment which SNMP Agent holds –Identifier is defined for each object = OID –MIB performed by Agent is roughly divided into: MIBv2 : standard, public, specified by IETF Enterprise MIB : private, specified by vendor company

47. SNMP MIB OBJECT TYPE: objects specified via SMI OBJECT-TYPE construct MIB module specified via SMI (Structure of Management Information) MODULE-IDENTITY (100 standardized MIBs, more vendor-specific) MODULE

48. SMI: Object, module examples OBJECT-TYPE: ipInDelivers MODULE-IDENTITY: ipMIB ipInDelivers OBJECT TYPE SYNTAX Counter32 MAX-ACCESS read-only STATUS current DESCRIPTION “The total number of input datagrams successfully delivered to IP user- protocols (including ICMP)” ::= { ip 9} ipMIB MODULE-IDENTITY LAST-UPDATED “941101000Z” ORGANZATION “IETF SNPv2 Working Group” CONTACT-INFO “ Keith McCloghrie ……” DESCRIPTION “The MIB module for managing IP and ICMP implementations, but excluding their management of IP routes.” REVISION “019331000Z” ……… ::= {mib-2 48}

49. MIB example: UDP module Object ID Name Type Comments 1.3.6.1.2.1.7.1 UDPInDatagrams Counter32 total # datagrams delivered at this node 1.3.6.1.2.1.7.2 UDPNoPorts Counter32 # underliverable datagrams no app at portl 1.3.6.1.2.1.7.3 UDInErrors Counter32 # undeliverable datagrams all other reasons 1.3.6.1.2.1.7.4 UDPOutDatagrams Counter32 # datagrams sent 1.3.6.1.2.1.7.5 udpTable SEQUENCE one entry for each port in use by app, gives port # and IP address

50. ASN.1: Abstract Syntax Notation 1 ISO standard X.680 defined data types, object constructors –like SMI BER: Basic Encoding Rules –specify how ASN.1-defined data objects are to be transmitted –each transmitted object has Type, Length, Value (TLV) encoding

51. Syntax uses ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation) –binary encoding 02 01 06 is a 1 byte integer, value 6 Primitive Types INTEGER, OCTECT STRING, OBJECT IDENTIFIER, NULL Constructor Types SEQUENCE...ie. a record SEQUENCE OF...ie. an array Defined Data Types IpAddresswhat you expect Counternon-negative integer that wraps Gaugenon-negative integer that latches TimeTickstime in hundredths of seconds

52. TLV Encoding Idea: transmitted data is self-identifying –T: data type, one of ASN.1-defined types –L: length of data in bytes –V: value of data, encoded according to ASN.1 standard 12345691234569 Boolean Integer Bitstring Octet string Null Object Identifier Real Tag Value Type

53. TLV encoding: example Value, 5 octets (chars) Length, 5 bytes Type=4, octet string Value, 259 Length, 2 bytes Type=2, integer

54. SNMP - SNMP Message Handling Command examples GetRequest inetapan@tools:~> snmpget -v2c -c xxxx tpr2.jp.apan.net.1.3.6.1.2.1.2.2.1.4.136 IF-MIB::ifMtu.136 = INTEGER: 9192 GetNextRequest inetapan@tools:~> snmpget -v2c -c xxxx tpr2.jp.apan.net system SNMPv2-MIB::system = No Such Object available on this agent at this OID inetapan@tools:~> snmpwalk -v2c -c xxxx tpr2.jp.apan.net system SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr.0 = STRING: m20 internet router, kernel 6.2R3.10 SNMPv2-MIB::sysObjectID.0 = OID: SNMPv2-SMI::enterprises.2636.1.1.1.2.2 DISMAN-EVENT-MIB::sysUpTimeInstance = Timeticks: (423280751) 48 days, 23:46:47.51 SNMPv2-MIB::sysContact.0 = STRING: SNMPv2-MIB::sysName.0 = STRING: tpr2 SNMPv2-MIB::sysLocation.0 = STRING: SNMPv2-MIB::sysServices.0 = INTEGER: 4 SetRequest inetapan@tools:~> snmpset –v2c –c xxxx tppr.jp.apan.net system.sysLocation.0 system.sysLocation.0 = "" inetapan@tools:~> snmpset –v2c –c yyyy tppr.jp.apan.net system.sysLocation.0 s “Tokyo, JP“ system.sysLocation.0 = “Tokyo, JP" inetapan@tools:~> snmpset –v2c –c xxxx tppr.jp.apan.net system.sysLocation.0 system.sysLocation.0 = “Tokyo, JP"

55. SNMP - Trap Message - The way for Agent to inform Manager about event of something undesirable Trap originates from Agent and is sent to the trap destination, as configured within Agent itself When Manager receives a trap, it needs to know how to interpret it PDU –Enterprise vendor identification (OID) for the agent –AgentAddress The IP address of the node where the trap was generated. –Trap Type Generic / Specific (not used) –Timestamp The length of time between the last re-initialization of the agent that issued a trap and the moment at which the trap was issued

56. SNMP SNMP Traps –unsolicited notification of events –can include variable list –ColdStart, WarmStart –LinkUp, LinkDown –Authentication Failure –EGP Neighbour Loss –Enterprise Specific

57. Traps Forwarded automatically from agent to station(s) in response to an event with the device Traps defined in MIB-II –Cold-start of system –Warm-start of system –Link down –Link up –Failure of authentication –Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP) neighbour loss –Enterprise specific

58. SNMPv2 History RFC 1441, 1993: “Introduction to version 2 of the Internet-standard Network Management Framework” RFC 1446, 1993: “Security Protocols for version 2 of the Simple Network Management Protocol” Written to address security and feature deficiencies in SNMPv1

59. SNMPv2 Protocol Extension to SNMPv1 Provided security model 2 new commands –get-bulk-request –inform-request

60. SNMPv2 Protocol continued... privDst dstPartysrcPartycontextPDU privDst dstPartysrcPartycontextPDU privDst dstPartysrcPartycontextPDU privDst authInfo 0-length OCTET STRING General Format Nonsecure Message digestdstTimesrcTime dstPartysrcPartycontextPDU digestdstTimesrcTime dstPartysrcPartycontextPDU 0-length OCTET STRING Authenticated, not encrypted Private, not authenticated Private and authenticated

61. Format of SNMPv1 messages Version Community PDU Request 0 0 Name X Value X … String type ID Version Community PDU Request Error Error Name X Value X … String type ID status index Version Community PDU Enter- Agent Generic Specific Time Name X Value X String type prise Addr trap trap Get-Request, Get-Next-Request, Set-Request Get-Response Trap

62. 62 Coexistence by Means of Proxy Agent Proxy Agent SNMPv1 agent SNMPv2 manager SNMPv2 environment SNMPv1 environment GetRequest GetNextRequest SetRequest GetBulkRequest GetNextRequest Response GetResponse SNMPv2-Trap Trap SNMPv2 manager-to-agent PDUs SNMPv1 manager-to-agent PDUs SNMPv2 agent-to- manager PDUs SNMPv1 agent-to- manager PDUs

63. SNMPv1 and SNMPv2 SNMPv1 is a subset of SNMPv2 Managers usually can send requests in either format depending on the capability of the agents Requires an update of the agent and manager software to migrate from SNMPv1 to SNMPv2 Many manufacturers are resisting SNMPv2 for a variety of reasons leading to an SNMPv3 specification Almost all manufacturers currently support SNMPv1

64. Network Monitoring Tools

65. Ways of Monitoring Classified into three monitoring ways –In Internal Network (mostly) –Via External Network –Non-network (Emergency case) 1, Monitoring in internal Network (mostly) 2, Monitoring via External Network - via Peering Network - via the Internet 3, Independent access (Emergency case) - ISDN, PSTN Internal network External network Monitoring Machine

66. Network Management Software SNMP Agents –provided by all router vendors –many expanded (enterprise) MIBs –bridges, wiring concentrators, toasters

67. Network Management Software Public Domain –Application Programming Interfaces available from CMU and MIT –include variety of applications

68. Network Management Software Commercially –many offerings, UNIX and PC based HP OpenView SunNet Manager Cabletron Spectrum *MANY* others

69. Commercial SNMP Applications http://www.hp.com/go/openview/HP OpenView http://www.tivoli.com/IBM NetView http://www.novell.com/products/managewise/ Novell ManageWise http://www.sun.com/solstice/Sun MicroSystems Solstice http://www.microsoft.com/smsmgmt/Microsoft SMS Server http://www.compaq.com/products/servers/management/Compaq Insight Manger http://www.redpt.com/SnmpQL - ODBC Compliant http://www.empiretech.com/Empire Technologies ftp://ftp.cinco.com/users/cinco/demo/Cinco Networks NetXray http://www.netinst.com/html/snmp.htmlSNMP Collector (Win9X/NT) http://www.netinst.com/html/Observer.htmlObserver http://www.gordian.com/products_technologies/snmp.html Gordian’s SNMP Agent http://www.castlerock.com/Castle Rock Computing http://www.adventnet.com/Advent Network Management http://www.smplsft.com/SimpleAgent, SimpleTester

70. Monitoring Targets  Target suitable for checking normality of network service –Router  Dead or Alive?  Status?  Performance? Routing? –Server  Dead or Alive?  Status?  Damon? Service Port? –Traffic, etc.  Increase or decrease?  Dos Attack? Performance? Environment?

71. Monitoring Method  How to monitor the target –Active monitor or Passive monitor Polling = Monitoring machines give message in watching target –Useful for checking the current status  ICMP/SNMP polling… Receive trap message from target –Useful for detecting the status change  SNMP trap, syslog… Statistics data –Useful for grasping the trend and transition –Select the Monitoring Tool Ping (ICMP), SNMP, Monitoring Tool, Original Tool, etc. –Check the monitoring Route to Target Internal or External network

72. - ICMP/Ping Polling - Check IP reachability by ICMP echo/reply –Additional information RTT (Round Trip Time) Packet Loss TTL (Time to Live) Most standard way of checking node activity Time series RTT/Packet loss data becomes important information when measuring link performance ICMP echo ICMP echo reply RTT: xx msec Packet Loss: xx % TTL: xx

73. UDP/TCP polling Effective in monitoring service ports of server –Using client for service DNS - nslookup –Using telnet WWW,SMTP,POP –Using tool Radius - radping Telnet with service port reply bash-2.05$ telnet ns.jp.apan.net 80 Trying 203.181.248.3... Connected to ns.jp.apan.net. Escape character is '^]'. get 501 Method Not Implemented :

74. Monitoring Software - HP OpenView - HP OpenView Network Node Manager Overview –Auto discovery and mapping –Drill-down views (Hierarchy Map) –Fault monitoring : ICMP / SNMP polling –Event monitoring : Trap receiving/Event configuration –SNMP tools : Status polling –MIB Browser –Web-based reports –Extended software is enhanced –Platform : Windows 2000/XP, Solaris 8/9, HP-UX

75. Monitoring Software - HP OpenView Sample 1- OpenView Contracture Event log ICMP polling for connectivity check Network map Router mapNetwork sub-map

76. Monitoring Software - HP OpenView Sample 2- OpenView Tools Snmp configuration for polling - parameters - community Event configuration Data collection & Thresholds for SNMP

77. MRTG (Multi-Router Traffic Grapher) Overview –Monitors the load of network equipment using SNMP, mainly used for creation of traffic graph –Excellent graphing tool developed by Tobias Oetiker –Plots graph with any two variables against time, It is graph-ized with PNG format on HTML page –Able to create scripts to feed data into MRTG –Implements data collection, image, web-page collection –Very widely deployed in large networks and still being actively developed –Platform : UNIX system / Windows NT –Supports SNMPv2 : able to read 64bit counters –http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/mrtg/http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/mrtg/

78. MRTG - Workflow - Display of graph Green area typically represents incoming maximum bits per second Blue line typically represents outgoing maximum bits per second Workflow 1.Read configuration file 2.Collect graphing data from network equipment, based on configuration 3.Update database file and generate graph 4.If required, generate HTML file –MRTG performs above workflow then completes –Since MRTG collects data of the past 5 minutes (default value of source code), it is desirable to set “crontab” for every 5 minutes

79. MRTG - Data Storage - Daily grafh/5min Weekly grafh/30min Monthly grafh/2hours Yearly grafh/1day Data Storage –Keeps 5 minute data only for 2.5 days. The data is thrown away afterward. There is no referring to historical data with high resolution Keeps 1-day data for approx. 2 years Rougher Resolution Interval Num of record Storage period Graph 5 minutes6002.5 daysdaily 30 minutes60012.5 daysWeekly 2 hours60050 daysMonthly 1 day7312 yearsYearly

80. RRDtool (Round Robin Database Tool) Overview –Successor to MRTG –Developed by the same developer of MRTG : Tobias Oetiker –Tool group for RRD can flexibly define data item, time interval, data amount, graph depiction, etc. –Binary file format that can store data at any interval for any length of time File does not grow in size over time –Ability to make custom graphs across user-defined intervals Ability to graph multiple variables on a single graph –Additional scripts are necessary in creating graphs and web-page 25-30 percent faster than MRTG –Does not have the function to collect data –http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/rrdtool/http://people.ee.ethz.ch/~oetiker/webtools/rrdtool/

81. RRDtool - Architecture - Comparison of architecture between MRTG and RRD router server text SNMP engine Frontend Program Frontend Program Graph Index Graph Index RRD log

82. RRDtool - Sample - http://mrtg.jp.apan.net/cricket/router-interfaces/

83. Netflow - Overview - Overview –Enables IP traffic flow analysis without probes –Invented and patented by Cisco Juniper (called cflowd), Foundry, ･･･ many venders are supporting –Flow cash data on routers is exported to a flow tool, so that traffic flow is to be analyzed flow Definition: Source IP address Destination IP address Source port Destination port Layer 3 protocol type TOS byte (DSCP) Input logical interface (ifIndex) Core Network Enable NetFlow Traffic Collector (Solaris, HP-UX, or Linux) UDP NetFlow Export Packets Application GUI

84. Netflow - Flow Data - Flow data export –Enable NetFlow on the router There is difference in architecture between Cisco and Juniper routers Take care! the load of a router does not become high! - Check CPU, memory, bandwidth, sampling rate Flow data collection & Analysis –Prepare the software for receiving flow-export data flow-tools http://www.splintered.net/sw/flow-tools/http://www.splintered.net/sw/flow-tools/ cflowd http://www.caida.org/tools/measurement/cflowd/http://www.caida.org/tools/measurement/cflowd/ Cisco : NetflowCollector –Analyze traffic from raw data with software flow-scan http://net.doit.wisc.edu/~plonka/FlowScan/http://net.doit.wisc.edu/~plonka/FlowScan/ (If you want to graph-ize analysis data, I recommend you to use RRDtool) Cisco : CiscoWorks –Source and destination IP address –Source and destination TCP/UDP ports –Packet and byte counts –Routing information (next-hop address, source autonomous system (AS) number, destination AS number, source prefix mask, destination prefix mask)

85. Netflow - Example - Netflow Example