1. Files and Streams

2. Java I/O File I/O I/O streams provide data input/output solutions to the programs. A stream can represent many different kinds of sources and destinations, such as disk files, devices, other programs, and memory arrays.

3. Input Stream Source: java.sun.com different kinds of data, including simple bytes, primitive data types, localized characters, and objects.

4. Output Stream Source:java.sun.com

5. File I/O File I/O provides a simple model for reading and writing data from/to files. Streams work with a large variety of data sources and destinations, including disk files. Streams don't support all the operations that are common with disk files.

6. File Objects File class can be used to write platform- independent code to examines and manipulates files. File instances represent file names, not files. The File object corresponding to the file name might not even exist.

7. Creating a File object A File object contains the file name string used to construct it. e.g. File f = new File(“sample.txt"); File testFile = new File(“c:\\test\\data.txt”); The file name string never changes throughout the lifetime of the object. But a file name may have different corresponding File objects.

8. Example

9. Manipulating Files If a File object names an actual file, a program can use it to perform a number of useful operations on the file. These include passing the object to the constructor for a stream to open the file for reading or writing. The delete method deletes the file immediately, while the deleteOnExit method deletes the file when the virtual machine terminates.

10. Manipulating Files The setLastModified sets the modification date/time for the file. The renameTo() method renames the file. Note that the file name string behind the File object remains unchanged, so the File object will not refer to the renamed file.

11. Working with Directories You can also use File class to work with directories. The mkdir method creates a directory. The mkdirs method does the same thing, after first creating any parent directories that don't yet exist. The list and listFiles methods list the contents of a directory.

12. Example

13. Byte Streams Programs use byte streams to perform input and output of 8-bit bytes. All byte stream classes are descended from InputStream and OutputStream. InputStreamOutputStream Two important Streams FileInputStream FileOutputStream. FileOutputStream

14. Using Byte Streams You can use FileInputStream and FileOutputStream as the following in = new FileInputStream(“input.txt"); out = new FileOutputStream("output.txt");

15. Example

16. Important note Always close streams! This practice helps avoid serious resource leaks. Byte streams should only be used for the most primitive I/O.

17. Character Streams Characters in Java environment use Unicode conventions. Character stream I/O automatically translates this internal format to and from the local character set.

18. Example What is the difference between this and previous example?

19. Buffered Streams To reduce the overhead of multiple request of I/O access and improve the efficiency of programs, Java platform provides buffered I/O streams. Buffered input streams read data from a memory area known as a buffer; the native input API is called only when the buffer is empty. Similarly, buffered output streams write data to a buffer, and the native output API is called only when the buffer is full.

20. Example

21. Class BufferedInputStream

22. Random Accessing Files he java.io.RandomAccessFile class implements both the DataInput and DataOutput interfaces that can be used for both reading and writing files.java.io.RandomAccessFile

23. Example

24. PrintWriter Class Provides better methods to write formatted data to a text-output stream. But, it does not contain methods for writing raw bytes, for which a program should use unencoded byte streams.

25. Formatting In PrintWriter class two levels of formatting are provided: print and println format individual values in a standard way. format formats almost any number of values based on a format string, with many options for precise formatting.

26. The format Method The format method formats multiple arguments based on a format string. The format string consists of static text embedded with format specifiers; except for the format specifiers, the format string is output unchanged.

27. Example public class Root2 { public static void main(String[] args) { int i = 2; double r = Math.sqrt(i); System.out.format("The square root of %d is %f.%n", i, r); }

28. Conversions d formats an integer value as a decimal value. f formats a floating point value as a decimal value. n outputs a platform-specific line terminator. x formats an integer as a hexadecimal value. s formats any value as a string. tB formats an integer as a locale-specific month name....

29. Conversions Except for % and %n, all format specifiers must match an argument. If they don't, an exception is thrown. In the Java programming language, the \n escape always generates the linefeed character (\u000A). Don't use \n unless you specifically want a linefeed character. To get the correct line separator for the local platform, use %n.

30. Summary The java.io package contains many classes that your programs can use to read and write data. Most of the classes implement sequential access streams. The sequential access streams can be divided into two groups: those that read and write bytes and those that read and write Unicode characters. Each sequential access stream has a speciality, such as reading from or writing to a file, filtering data as its read or written, or serializing an object. One class, RandomAccessFile, implements random input/output access to a file. An object of this type maintains a file pointer, which indicates the current location from which data will be read or to which data will be written.

31. Questions What class would you use to read a few pieces of data that are at known positions near the end of a large file? In a format call, what's the best way to indicate a new line? How would you append data to the end of a file? Source: java.sun.com