1. Accessibility in Mind

2. UNIVERSAL DESIGN The design of products and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design.

3. PRINCIPLE ONE: Equitable Use The design is useful and marketable to people with diverse abilities.

4. –Provide the same means of use for all users: identical whenever possible; equivalent when not –Avoid segregating or stigmatizing any users –Provisions for privacy, security, and safety should be equally available to all users –Make the design appealing to all users

5. PRINCIPLE TWO: Flexibility in Use The design accommodates a wide range of individual preferences and abilities.

6. –Provide choice in methods of use –Accommodate right- or left-handed access and use –Facilitate the user's accuracy and precision –Adapt to the user's pace

7. PRINCIPLE THREE: Simple and Intuitive Use Use of the design is easy to understand, regardless of the user's experience, knowledge, language skills, or current concentration level.

8. –Eliminate unnecessary complexity –Be consistent with user expectations and intuition –Accommodate a wide range of literacy and language skills –Arrange information consistent with its importance –Provide effective prompting and feedback during and after task completion

9. PRINCIPLE FOUR: Perceptible Information The design communicates necessary information effectively to the user, regardless of ambient conditions or the user's sensory abilities.

10. –Use different modes (pictorial, verbal, tactile) –Provide adequate contrast (background/foreground) –Maximize "legibility" –Differentiate elements in ways that can be described (instructions or directions) –Provide compatibility with a variety of techniques or devices used by people with sensory limitations

11. PRINCIPLE FIVE: Tolerance for Error The design minimizes hazards and the adverse consequences of accidental or unintended actions.

12. –Arrange elements to minimize hazards and errors: most used elements, most accessible; hazardous elements eliminated, isolated, or shielded –Provide warnings of hazards and errors –Provide fail safe features –Discourage unconscious action in tasks that require vigilance.

13. PRINCIPLE SIX: Low Physical Effort The design can be used efficiently and comfortably and with a minimum of fatigue.

14. –Allow user to maintain a neutral body position –Use reasonable operating forces –Minimize repetitive actions –Minimize sustained physical effort

15. PRINCIPLE SEVEN: Size and Space for Approach and Use Appropriate size and space is provided for approach, reach, manipulation, and use regardless of user's body size, posture, or mobility.

16. –Provide a clear line of sight to important elements for any seated or standing user –Make reach to all components comfortable for any seated or standing user –Accommodate variations in hand and grip size –Provide adequate space for the use of assistive devices or personal assistance

17. The Issues Individuals with disabilitiesIndividuals with disabilities Universal user accessUniversal user access Legal mandatesLegal mandates Business productivityBusiness productivity Individuals with disabilitiesIndividuals with disabilities Universal user accessUniversal user access Legal mandatesLegal mandates Business productivityBusiness productivity

18. Individuals with Disabilities Adults, youth and children in every social sector and ethnic groupAdults, youth and children in every social sector and ethnic group Largest minority in the U.S. – and growingLargest minority in the U.S. – and growing –Currently 55 million people in U.S. –18.7% of population, not including LD –75 million people worldwide Responsible for over $1 trillion in aggregate incomeResponsible for over $1 trillion in aggregate income Adults, youth and children in every social sector and ethnic groupAdults, youth and children in every social sector and ethnic group Largest minority in the U.S. – and growingLargest minority in the U.S. – and growing –Currently 55 million people in U.S. –18.7% of population, not including LD –75 million people worldwide Responsible for over $1 trillion in aggregate incomeResponsible for over $1 trillion in aggregate income

19. Business Productivity Issues Increase your share of the marketIncrease your share of the market Qualify for government contractsQualify for government contracts Distinguish yourself from the competitionDistinguish yourself from the competition Improve general usabilityImprove general usability Bragging rightsBragging rights Increase your share of the marketIncrease your share of the market Qualify for government contractsQualify for government contracts Distinguish yourself from the competitionDistinguish yourself from the competition Improve general usabilityImprove general usability Bragging rightsBragging rights

20. Users Who Are Blind Alternate methods to access textAlternate methods to access text Graphics descriptionsGraphics descriptions Tactile/auditory signalsTactile/auditory signals

21. Users Who Are Blind Screen reader programs (text to speech)Screen reader programs (text to speech) –JAWS (http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/ software_jaws.asp) –IBM Home Page Reader (http://www-3.ibm.com/able/hpr.html) –ReadPlease 2000 – (http://www.readplease.com/) –Connect OutLoud (web access) –(http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/ software_connect.asp) Screen reader programs (text to speech)Screen reader programs (text to speech) –JAWS (http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/ software_jaws.asp) –IBM Home Page Reader (http://www-3.ibm.com/able/hpr.html) –ReadPlease 2000 – (http://www.readplease.com/) –Connect OutLoud (web access) –(http://www.freedomscientific.com/fs_products/ software_connect.asp)

23. Vision Impairment Enlarged printEnlarged print High contrastHigh contrast Appropriate use of colorAppropriate use of color Tactile markingsTactile markings GraphicsGraphics

30. Courtesy Rules I’m an ordinary person, who just happens to be blind. You don’t need to raise your voice or address me as if I were a child. Don’t ask my companion what I want – ask me. I may use a white cane or a guide dog; or I may ask to take your arm. Let me decide. I’ll take your arm and walk a half-step behind to anticipate curbs and steps. You don’t need to remember some “politically correct” term. Keep it simple and honest – just say blind.

31. When you speak to me, tell me who you are. Also introduce me to others, including children, and tell me if there’s a pet present. A door that is left partially open is a hazard to me. At dinner I won’t have trouble with ordinary table skills. Don’t avoid words like “see.” I use them too. I’m always glad to see you. In a new location, show me the bathroom, closet, windows, other doors – and the light switch too. I like to know whether the lights are on or off. I’ll discuss blindness with you if you’re curious, but it’s an old story to me. I have as many other interests as you do.

32. ("ENTER" to advance) Users Who Are Color-Blind or Color-Sensitive Potential problemsPotential problems –Red/green deficiency –Sensitivity to certain colors or bright lights www.visibone.com/colorblind/ http://more.btexact.com/people/rigdence/colours

33. ("ENTER" to advance) Users Who Have Seizure Disorders Potential Problems –Flashing lights, moving graphics Seizures can be triggered by flashing lights in the range of 2Hz to 55Hz in people with photosensitive epilepsy (animated gifs, Flash screens, etc.) WARNING! Flash example of flicker http://ncam.wgbh.org/richmedia/flicker_demo.html

34. Users Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing Potential problems –Sound effects –sound cues –Audio descriptions –Background music

35. Most deaf people can lipread at least somewhat. Face me and speak slowly and clearly, but don’t exaggerate speech and don’t shout. Keep a paper and pencil handy in case we need to write some things down. Talk to me, not to an interpreter or a companion. Be patient – you might need to repeat or rephrase something if I don’t understand it the first time. Remove gum or other objects from your mouth so I can see your speech clearly. Refer to visual cues whenever possible – signs, diagrams, drawings, etc.

36. Courtesy Rules for Lipreaders Attract my attention before you start speaking to me, so I won't miss any of what you say. Don’t speak louder – it doesn’t help. Make sure I can see your face when you speak. Don't hide your lip movements when you are speaking by waving your hand or holding a cup in front of your face, etc. Remove gum or other objects from your mouth. Keep your head still while speaking. Speak clearly and slowly, but don’t exaggerate your speech.

37. Courtesy Rules for Lipreaders Try to make the subject of the conversation clear. Be patient – you might need to repeat or rephrase something if I don’t understand it the first time. Keep a paper and pencil handy in case we need to write some things down. In the group, repeat what you have said to both sides, remembering your immediate neighbours. Try not to speak when someone else in the group is talking as its impossible to lipread two people at the same time.

38. Courtesy Rules for Sign Language Users Speak directly to me, not to the interpreter. Allow the interpreter time to sign what you say. In a group, identify yourself by name when you speak so the interpreter can tell me who is speaking. Don’t try to sign if you don’t know how; it’s more confusing than helpful.

39. Users With Manual Impairment Potential problems Limited range of motion Limited manual dexterity Alternate input devices –Voice recognition technology –Switches, buttons, touch screens, light beams, on-screen keyboard, TAB key

40. Users With Manual Impairment Adaptive SoftwareAdaptive Software –IBM Viavoice http://www-4.ibm.com/software/speech/ –Dragon Systems Naturally Speaking http://www.dragonsys.com/naturallyspeaking

42. Users With Cognitive Disorders Potential problemsPotential problems –Reading Provide alternative graphics which explain the text Use the clearest and simplest language appropriate for a site’s content Divide large blocks of information into more manageable groups where natural and appropriate –Visual cues Provide alternative sound cues

43. Users With Cognitive Disorders Potential problemsPotential problems –Complicated navigation K.I.S.S. Group text with related content Provide simpler alternative navigation links Clearly identify links and what they are for If search functions are provided, enable different types of searches for different skill levels and preferences

44. You’ve been a great audience. Thanks for letting me speak with you today!