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Elements of written communication: 1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style.

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Presentation on theme: "Elements of written communication: 1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style."— Presentation transcript:

1 Elements of written communication: 1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style

2 Strategy 1: Invention Invention strategies help to generate material that is clear, forceful, convincing, and emotionally appealing Journalistic questions: who, what, when, where, why, how 5 elements of Drama: Act (what happened), Scene (when and where did it happen), Agent (who did it), Agency (how was it done), Purpose (why was it done)

3 Intuitive Strategies Free writing Journaling Conversation Graphic organizers Develop and inventory of material

4 Logical invention Argument in all writing = more than one side; writer presents his view Enthymeme shows logical relationships between ideas and beliefs; Syllogisms (kind of enthymeme) = patterns of logic –Major premise = generalization –Minor premise = example, particular –Conclusion = logical idea following

5 Example If major premise is not arguable, then syllogism is necessarily true –Major: All juniors must take English. –Minor: Mary is a junior. –Conclusion: Mary must take English.

6 Example If major premise is arguable, then syllogism is not necessarily true –Major: All English teachers are always nice. –Minor: Ms. S is an English teacher. –Conclusion: Ms. S is always nice. –Watch out for qualifiers like all, never, only, and always!

7 Strategy 2: Arrangement Order/Structure Support different parts Select the best ideas, examples, propositions from inventory Decide how to order parts most effectively to achieve purpose

8 Genre Choose type of composition based on context, purpose  varies Beginning = central question, argument hints at development Middle = reasons supported with examples, illustrations, details, stats End = “so what?”, consider or act

9 Visual Arrangement OPTIC: Helps students to interpret elements of visuals by looking at –Overview –Parts –Title –Interrelationships –Conclusion Students can then compare and contrast the meaning of these visuals to the meaning of the text.

10 3. Style Need to write comes from the topic writer is inquiring about Situation dictates choices –Jargon: insider status of writer, audience –You and I: analytical, academic v. personal –Contractions: formal v. informal –Passive v. Active voice Active = Doer  Action  Receiver, stronger, forceful Passive = Receiver  Action (helping verb) by Doer; wordier, doer often concealed

11 Sentences 4 types: function follows form –Simple –Compound –Complex –Compound-complex Loose v. Periodic –Loose = basic with details at the end –Periodic = basic with details at the beginning or in the middle –Changes emphasis, fluency, speed, movement

12 Parallelism Measured, deliberate, balanced Same grammatical form in all parts of the sentence Gettysburg Address

13 Diction Word choice/types Dictio = style of speech, not just pronunciation Situation, genre, purpose

14 Word Choices General v. Specific: concrete words are generally more useful to reader Formal v. Informal: understand occasion, p/a agr  pick a gender or pluralize ant. Latin v. Anglo Saxon: more formal, longer v. more direct, shorter Slang v. Jargon: obscure meaning; signals membership Denotation v. Connotation: literal v. loaded

15 Schemes and Tropes Schemes: artful variation from typical word arrangement in a sentence (syntax) Trope: artful variation from typical way a word or idea is expressed (diction) A different way of saying something about the world or a different way of seeing something about the world

16 Schemes Involving Balance Zeugma = parallel words, phrases, clauses governed by a single word usually a verb; highlights similarities (e.g., I will wash the car and the dog.) Antithesis = parallel words, phrases, clauses that contrast; highlights differences (e.g., To err is human; to forgive, divine). Antimetabole = words repeated in different grammatical forms (e.g., When the going gets tough, the tough get going).

17 Schemes Involving Interruption Parenthesis = using dashes to set off words, phrases, or clauses; use ? or ! if an entire sentence acts as an interrupter Appositive = two coordinating elements set side by side, the second modifying the first

18 Schemes Involving Omission Ellipsis = any omission of words, the meaning of which provided in the overall context of the passage Asyndeton = omission of conjunctions between related clauses

19 Schemes Involving Repetition Alliteration = beginning, middle consonants in adjacent words Assonance = vowels in stressed syllables Anaphora = same words in beginning of clauses Epistrophe = same words at end of successive clauses Anadiplosis = rep. end of one clause at the beginning of next Climax = rep. of words, phrases, clauses in increasing importance

20 Tropes of Comparison Simile = explicit Metaphor = implied Synecdoche = part for the whole Metonymy = entity referred by one of its attributes Personification = inanimate  human Periphrasis = descriptive word/phrase replaces proper noun

21 Tropes Involving Word Play Pun = two meanings Anthimeria = verb replaces a noun Onomatopoeia = sound reflects meaning

22 Tropes Involving Statements and Meaning Hyperbole = overstatement Litotes = understatement Irony = words mean opposite of literal def. Oxymoron = words with contradictory meaning are juxtaposed Rhetorical Question = poses to move the development of the idea along or suggest a point


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