1. AP WORLD WINTER 2015 Echoes of Revolution

2. Smaller European Revolutions

3. Abolition of Slavery Slavery was largely ended around the world between 1780 and 1890 Enlightenment thinkers were increasingly critical of slavery  American and French Revs  Religious groups  Viewed as not necessary for economic progress

4. Abolition of Slavery Slave revolts showed slaves discontent  Brutality of suppression appalled people

5. Abolition of Slavery Abolitionist movements were most powerful in Britain  1807  1834 International pressure led others to abolish slavery Latin America  1850s  1888 1861 Russian serfs were emancipated

6. Abolition of Slavery Abolition often didn’t lead to the expected results  Little improvements in economic lives  Unwillingness to work on plantations  Few received political equality  Former Russian serfs remain impoverished  Slavery persisted in Islamic world

7. Nations and Nationalism Revolutions gave rise to the concept of “The Nation”  Old concepts  Before 19 th century, foreign rule wasn’t regarded as heinous  Most important loyalties were to clan, village, or region

8. Nations and Nationalism Independence movements acted in the name of new nations Older identities and loyalties eroded  Role of science  Role of migration  Role of printing press Nationalism was often presented as a reawakening of older cultural identities

9. Nations and Nationalism Nationalism was enormously powerful in the 19 th century  Inspired political unification in Germany and Italy  Inspired separatist movements by:  Greeks, Serbs, Czechs, Hungarians, Poles, Ukrainians, the Irish, and Jews  Fueled preexisting rivalry among European states  New efforts to instill national loyalty in citizens

10. Nations and Nationalism Nationalism took on a variety of political ideologies  “Civic Nationalism”  Some defined the nation in racial terms

11. Feminist Beginnings Developed in 19 th century especially in Europe and North America European Enlightenment thinkers sometimes challenged the idea that women were innately inferior  French Revolution  Middle class women  Women joined new associations  Maternal feminism

12. Feminist Beginnings 1848 - Seneca Falls, New York By the 1870s, the main focus of the movements was sufferage  Included middle class  Most used peaceful protest and persuasion  Mass movement in Industrialized countries by turn of century (1900)

13. Feminist Beginnings By 1900, the movement had several effects  Some admission to universities  Literacy rates  US property rights / wages  Some areas liberalized divorce laws  New professions  1893 New Zealand

14. Feminist Beginnings Movement led to the role of women in modern society  Taboo sexual topics aired  Deep debates over women’s proper role took place Bitter opposition to the movement  Reproductive damage from education and life beyond the home  “Foreign body” = suffragists, Jews, and socialists Feminism spread beyond Europe and USA  Not as widely as nationalism