1. Russian Revolution

2. Czars Resist Change Autocracy- czar had total power
Anyone who questioned the absolute authority of the czar, worshipped outside the Russian Orthodox Church, or spoke a language other than Russian were considered dangerous

3. Alexander III
Alexander III used harsh measures to wipe out revolutionaries
Strict censorship on published materials and written documents, including private letters
Secret police carefully watch both secondary schools and universities
Political prisoners were sent to Siberia

4. Uniform Russian Culture
Czar Alexander III oppressed other national groups within Russia
Made Russian the official language and forbade the use of other languages
Targeted Jews
Pogroms- organized violence against the Jews

5. Russia Industrializes
In the mid-1800s, Russia lagged behind the rest of Europe in industrialization
Czar Nicholas II and his advisors launched a program to move Russia forward
To raise money for new industries, they sought foreign investors and raised taxes
By 1900, Russia had become the world’s fourth-ranking producer of steel

6. Trans-Siberian Railway
Began construction in 1891 and finished in 1916
World’s longest continuous rail line
Connected western Russia to eastern Russia

7. Revolutionary Movements
Along with industrialization came the same negative effects as in Britain (child labor, long working hours, low pay, etc.) and people were unhappy
Marxist revolutionaries
Followed the views of Karl Marx
Believed that the industrial class of workers would overthrow the czars
Proletariat (workers) would rule the country

8. Marxists Split Mensheviks Bolsheviks
More moderate group who wanted a broad base of support for the revolution
Bolsheviks
Led by Vladimir Lenin
More radical group who was willing to sacrifice everything for the revolution

9. Russo-Japanese War
Russia and Japan both competed for control of Korea and Manchuria
The two nations signed a series of agreements over the territories, but Russia broke them
Japan retaliated and attacked the Russians at Port Arthur, Manchuria in February 1904
Sparked unrest and led to a revolt at home

10. Bloody Sunday
January 22, 1905, about 200,000 workers and their families approached the czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
Carried a petition for better working conditions, more personal freedom, and an elected national legislature
Nicholas II ordered his guards to fire on the crowd
More than 1,000 wounded and several hundred killed

11. Bloody Sunday, cont.
Caused a wave of strikes and revolts across the country
Nicholas II created a legislature
Duma- Russia’s first Parliament
Leaders wanted to create a constitutional monarchy
Nicholas did not want to share power, so the Duma dissolved in about 10 weeks

12. WWI: The Final Blow
Nicholas entered WWI and Russia was unprepared to handle the military and economic costs
Weak generals and poorly equipped troops were no match for the German army
In less than a year, more than 4 million Russians had been killed, wounded, or taken prisoner

13. WWI Nicholas moved headquarters to war front
Wife Czarina Alexandra ran government while he was away
She ignored chief advisors
Fell under influence of Rasputin- “holy man”
She allowed Rasputin to make political decisions
Opposed reforms & obtained powerful positions for friends
Group of nobles murdered him- they feared his increasing role in government

14. WWI cont.
War front- Russian soldiers mutinied, deserted, or ignored orders
Home front- Food & supplies dwindling, prices inflated
All classes wanted change

15. The March Revolution
March women textile workers in Petrograd led citywide strike
Nearly 200,000 workers swarmed streets
Soldiers sided with rioters

16. Czar Steps Down Nicholas II abdicated his throne
One year later, revolutionaries executed Nicholas and his family
Revolution brought down czar, but failed to set up a strong government

17. Provisional Government
Temporary government set up by Duma
Decided to stay in WWI= conditions in Russia worsened

18. The Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks starting to take control of many cities- “Peace, Land and Bread”
Provisional government topples
Armed factory workers attacked Winter Palace
Bolshevik Red Guards took over government offices & arrested leaders of provisional government

19. Bolsheviks in Power
Lenin ordered all farmland be distributed to peasants
Gave control of factories to workers
Truce with Germany to stop all fighting
first Bolshevik national flag

20. Civil War Rages in Russia
Red Army (Bolsheviks) v. White Army
Red Army commanded by Leon Trotsky
White Army (made up of three main groups of people)
Either wanted czarist rule, wanted democratic government, or they were socialists who opposed Lenin’s style of socialism
Only thing that united them was the desire to defeat the Bolsheviks

21. Civil War cont.
Several western nations sent military aid forces to help White Army= didn’t help
14 million Russians died from fighting, hunger, or worldwide flu epidemic
Bolshevik Red Army crushed all opposition

22. Comparing World Revolutions
Russian Revolution much like French Revolution
FR & RR attempted to destroy existing social & political structures
Revolutionaries in Russia & France used violence and terror to control people

23. Economy in Shambles
Economy- trade at a standstill, industrial production dropped, skilled workers fled to other countries

24. Lenin Restores Order Goal= revive economy & restructure government
Revitalization of the economy
New Economic Policy (NEP)
Small-scale capitalism (got away from state- controlled economy)
Peasants sold surplus crops for profit
Some small factories, businesses, & farms privately owned

25. Lenin Restores Order cont.
Restructuring the government
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
Reorganized Russia into several self-governing republics
Communist Party
Name came from writings of Karl Marx
Classless society
Held all power= dictatorship of Communist Party

26. Communist Party
Lenin suffered stroke= competition to lead Communist Party
Leon Trotsky v. Joseph Stalin

27. Stalin Becomes Dictator
Stalin means “Man of Steel” in Russian
Former general secretary of party
Put his friends in positions of power within the party
Worked his way up through the ranks
1928- Stalin in total command of Communist Party

28. Totalitarianism
Government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public & private life

29. Totalitarian Leaders
Appear to provide a sense of security & give a direction for the future

30. Totalitarianism- How It's Done
Widespread use of communication in the 20th century made it possible to reach into all aspects of citizens' lives
Leader often has secret police to crush opposition & create a sense of fear among the people

31. Totalitarianism- Who It Affects
No one is exempt from suspicion or accusations that he/she is an enemy of the state