1. Zane Goebel Graduate School of Letters, Nagoya University
Building Community: Identity, Interdiscursivity and Language Choice in Everyday Narrative
Zane Goebel Graduate School of Letters, Nagoya University
JAPAN

2. Thesis – My main argument is that:
1. INTRODUCTION
Aim - to show the relationships between everyday narrative (EN), code genesis and identity/community formation projects in a diverse setting.
Thesis – My main argument is that:
by participating in EN (and conversation more generally) old-timers and newcomers alike are engaged in ongoing identification projects.
Part of this process is the building of new linguistic repertoires that are indexed (but never fixed) to a particular identity.

3. 1.1 How the paper will proceed
Language, Socialization & Identity (Re)production.
Narrative Analysis
Fieldwork methods & setting
Methods
Local patterns of exchange
Enregistered varieties
Building community, identity and linguistic repertories
Social identification and reification across speech settings
Conclusions

4. 2. Language, Socialization & Identity (Re)production
Language Socialization - Through observation & participation in recurrent settings newcomers learn, that is, index linguistic forms with context > forms part of CC (e.g. Ochs 1988).
Communities of Practice (COP) – identities, communities, and the meaning of linguistic forms are outcomes of their negotiation in situated interaction (e.g. Wenger 1998)
A COP can be as small as two participants.
Social Identification is constantly evolving and relies upon the appropriation of resources from various timeframes (Wortham 2005, 2006)
Social identification relies upon the linking of linguistic forms from one speech situation to the next = “interdiscursivity”

5. Timeframes (TF), social identification & reification
SHORTEST TF
Initial Situated
Interaction
RESOURCES SET 2
Local styles = lang + context)
PROCEDURAL TF
Subsequent interaction
RESOURCES SET 3
Styles as a result of participation in other COP
LONGEST TF (Resource Set 1)
Enregistered varieties (Agha 2003) that link social persona and characteristics with linguistic forms
RESOURCE SETS 1, 2 & 3)
Resources and indexical relations built in procedural timeframe increasingly mediate appropriation of Resource Sets 1 & 3

6. 3 Narrative Analysis
Canonical
EverydayNarrative
Some Differences
Gathered using interviews
Life Histories
Performance
One teller
Casual Conversations
Recent events
Not performance
Multiparty
Similarities
Often about problematic events or things that run counter to teller’s expectation (Ochs & Capps 2001; Ochs 2004)
Used to socialize newcomers about community expectations

7. 4.1 Methods (Details in Goebel 2000, 2002, 2005)
4 Fieldwork Methods and Setting
4.1 Methods (Details in Goebel 2000, 2002, 2005)
Based on 2.5 years fieldwork in two RT in Semarang
Primary fieldwork methods drawn from EOC (e.g. Hymes) & interactional sociolinguistics (e.g. Gumperz), including:
participation in, recording, observation of interactions, such as monthly meetings, working bees (Kerja bakti), religious festivals (halal bihalal, natalan, pengajian, etc.), daily conversations among neighbors, sporting events/games
Post-recording playback interviews
Use of questionnaires in the last few months of fieldwork asking for judgments about social relationships based on transcribed talk and contextual info.
Semi-structured interviews in the last month

8. 4.2 Local patterns of linguistic exchange
Table 2: Indexical relationships between code choice & context
CONTEXT
INTRA-ETHNIC
INTER-ETHNIC
Unfamiliar/stranger
krama Javanese
Indonesian
Familiar/Intimate
ngoko Javanese
Reflected prolonged (1-8 years of interaction), frequent (daily or weekly) and intense (more than just a greeting)
These locally developed styles with their links to context are local language ideologies (see Appendices B & D)
These styles are “contextualization cues” and/or resources which help signal intent and interpret talk in interaction.

9. 4.3 Enregisterment in Indonesia
Enregisterment can be defined as processes which produce a register that is differentiatable within a language. These processes rely on meta-discourse in literature, media + adoption in schooling. Such processes help index social characteristics and personas to a language variety over time in public spaces (Agha 2003; 2006).
Education and the popular mass media have unintentionally enregistered ethnic identity with language in Indonesia, e.g. “Indonesian as a language of the stranger” and “local languages as the language of insiders” and “adequation” (Goebel 2007, Forthcoming, Under review) See Appendix E.
Such enregistered varieties can be appropriated and recontextualized in situated interaction.

10. 5 Building community, identity and linguistic repertories
Look at talk that occurs in 2 re-occurring female RT meetings.
Usually the heads of household would attend, though of the 23 households rarely were there more than 15 attendees.
There were was one newcomer, Bu Zainudin, who attended both meetings.
To visually represent what newcomers might perceive I have put Indonesian in plain font, ngoko Javanese in red bold, and bold italics indicates those forms that can be classified as either ngoko Javanese or Indonesian).

11. Diagram 1 An RT meeting in RT08

12. = lho ojo manggon neng kené (???) Well don’t live here (???) (???)
Bu Naryono 1 2 3 4 5
Bu Manurung #kui lho# . +ditarik?+ wong kan? ngga pernah ketemu yo ndeweké karepé kih? . lepas ngono lho soko tanggung jawab #RT iki ndeweké kih emoh# =
That Bu Manurung, asked [for monetary contributions she] can never be found, yeah [her] individual wish is to not take any RT responsibilities, [she] is not interested
Bu Joko 6
= lho ojo manggon neng kené (???)
Well don’t live here (???) (???) 7 8
anu opo ndeweké ora tahu teko loh? kan? ya nggak boleh ok’ =
Ah what is it, [she] has never shown up, [you] aren’t allowed
Bu Sumaryono 9
= dia tuh dia statusnya di sini apa? =
She, what is her [residency] status here 10
= lah iya’
That is right. 11 12
dia di sini minta surat RT kan? jangan >DIKASIH’> =
She is here, [if she] asks for an RT letter, don’t GIVE IT [to her]
Extract 1 Socialization: (Re)producing norms for conduct

13. As can be seen in lines 1-5, 7-8 Bu Naryono states her expectations for RT members through pointing to someone who has deviated from these expectations.
The expectations:
Make contributions to the upkeep and running of the neighborhood,
Attend neighborhood meetings.
Note also that while Bu Naryono mentions these expectations, it is Bu Joko and Bu Sumaryono who cite solutions or sanctions.
Thus, we can say that there is a co-construction of RT norms and what it means to be a member of this RT (IDENTITY).

14. We can see the inter-related nature of “social practice” and “identity” through seeing expectations about practice simultaneously defining what social characteristics contribute to identity or membership in this setting.
The “us” and “them/her” dichotomy being invoked here is given further emphasis through recourse to local language ideologies, longer-term ideologies (i.e. enregistered forms) and resources from membership in other COPs
Especially the ideology of regional languages (in this case ngoko Javanese) as the language of insiders and Indonesian being for conversations with outsiders.

15. Extract 2 Socialization through language usage:
Extract 2 Socialization through language usage: (Re)producing norms for speaking conduct
Bu Naryono 13 14 15
= wong lagé emben ngené toh nang kené? . saya tuh sewaktu waktu #pind:ah’# =
A while ago [she] came here [and said] at some time or another I will move [from here].
Bu Sumaryono 16
= kabeh W:ONG? =
All PEOPLE [move] 17
= lah iya’ =
That is right. 18
semua ORANG wong kantor aja tidak ada menetap
All PEOPLE, even office workers, none stay forever.

16. What is interesting in the above extract is the alternation from ngoko Javanese on lines to Indonesian on lines
In this case it can be classified as “codeswitching” because in contrast to her earlier alternation between I and NJ which could be found within one sense unit, here there is a clear pause separating different code choices.
It helps highlight insider-outsider relationships with ngoko Javanese being used by an insider, Bu Naryono, and Indonesian being reportedly used by Bu Tobing, the deviant outsider.
Are these repertoires i.e. NJ among locals appropriated by observer (Bu Zainudin)??

17. = jenengé ngerepotké tonggo kok ngono kuwi jenengé’ =
Extract 3 (Re)producing or reifying norms for speaking conduct?
Bu Zainudin 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
toh Bu (.2) itu katanya kan adik (.1) itu loh Bu adik saya itu kan waktu pertama kali bawa barang itu minta itu minta tolong sama adik saya soalé engga ada laki laki yang mau ngangkut ngangkut nurunin itu adik saya ditolong’ (.2) dia (.3) dia ngangkut itu malam malam itu bawaké ke ruma:h? terus dia =
Heh Bu he said [my] younger brother right, [I] mean my younger brother right, the first time when goods were brought [by truck to next door], [they] asked asked for help from my brother because there were no men to lift and unload [the truck]. [So] my younger brother helped, he, he lifted and carried it into the house.
Bu Naryono 9 10
= jenengé ngerepotké tonggo kok ngono kuwi jenengé’ =
Hem that’s called inconveniencing the neighbors, that’s what doing that is called. 11 12
= ya soalnya engga ada siapa siapa waktu itu { sih Bu’ haha
Yeah the problem was at that time there was not anybody around Bu haha 13 14
{ lah salahé wong gowo barang ra nggowo { wong piyé’
Yeah [well] that’s the problem of the person who brought the goods, [ gee how stupid] not [also] bringing someone with [to do this].

18. I interpret Bu Zainudin’s usage of NJ forms soalé “the problem/because” and bawaké “to bring something for someone” (lines 6 & 8) as evidence for developing linguistic repertoire indexed with these participants.
This is so because Bu Zainudin actually knew both NJ & KJ but chose not to use it in all of the interaction > testing the interactional waters
In subsequent interactions over the 2.5 years fieldwork was undertaken these speaker moved increasingly to NJ exchange in an (inter-ethnic interaction)

19. 6 Conclusions
In bring this all together perhaps the most important point is:
There is a difference between competence in a language variety and a developing communicative competence
The later is tied with a particular community of practice, a new linguistic medium, and an emerging identity, such as “regular attendee of RT meetings”, “reliable payer of RT dues”, “frequent conversation partner”, and “increasingly competent user of ngoko Javanese”.
In this sense our newcomer, Bu Zainudin, can be seen to have chosen not to continue the exchange in ngoko Javanese because she is aware that doing so may have been indicative of a type of identity that wasn’t yet ratifiable.

20. THANK YOU
QUESTIONS?
COMMENTS?

21. References Cited and other useful sources
Agha, Asif The social life of cultural value. Language and Communication 23:
Agha, Asif Language and Social Relations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Alvarez-Cáccamo, Celso From 'switching code' to code-switching. In Peter Auer (ed.) Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. New York: Routledge
Auer, Peter The pragmatics of code-switching: A sequential approach. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken (eds.) One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Gafaranga, Joseph Linguistic identities in talk-in-interaction: Order in bilingual conversation. Journal of Pragmatics 33:
Gafaranga, Joseph, and Maria-Carma Torras Interactional otherness: Towards a redefinition of codeswitching. The International Journal of Bilingualism 6: 1-22.
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope Code-switching in community, regional and national repertoires: The myth of the discreteness of linguistic systems. In Lesley Milroy and Pieter Muysken (eds.) One speaker, two languages: Cross-disciplinary perspectives on code-switching. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Goebel, Zane Enregisterment and Appropriation in Javanese-Indonesian Bilingual Talk. Language in Society 36:
Goebel, Zane. Under Review. Language, Region, and Ethnicity in Indonesia. Bijdragen tot de Taal, Land- en Volkenkunde.
Goebel, Zane. Forthcoming. Enregistering, Authorizing and Denaturalizing Identity in Indonesia. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology, 18/1.
Gumperz, John Joseph Discourse strategies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hymes, Dell Models of the interaction of language and social life. In John Joseph Gumperz and Dell H. Hymes (eds.) Directions in sociolinguistics: The ethnography of communication. New York: Holt, Rinehart, & Winston
Ochs, Elinor Culture and language development: Language acquisition and language socialization in a Samoan village. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

22. References Cited and other useful sources
Ochs, Elinor Narrative lessons. In Alessandro Duranti (ed.) A Companion to Linguistic Anthropology. Oxford: Blackwell
Ochs, Elinor, and L Capps Living Narrative. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Oesch-Serra, Cecilia Discourse connectives in bilingual conversation: the case of and emerging Italian-French mixed code. In Peter Auer (ed.) Code-switching in conversation: Language, interaction and identity. New York: Routledge
Schieffelin, Bambi B., and Elinor Ochs (eds.) Language socialization across cultures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wenger, Etienne Communities of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Wortham, Stanton E. F Socialization beyond the Speech Event. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 15:
Wortham, Stanton E. F Learning Identity: The Joint Emergence of Social Identification and Academic Learning. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.