Demonstrating Value and Creating Value: Evidence-Based Library Management through MINES for Libraries™

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Demonstrating Value and Creating Value: Evidence-Based Library Management through MINES for Libraries™ Martha Kyrillidou Director of the ARL Statistics and Measurement Program Association of Research Libraries Brinley Franklin Vice Provost for University Libraries University of Connecticut Scholars Portal Forum, Ontario Council of University Libraries February 1 2006 Toronto www.arl.org/stats/

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Today is Tomorrow - Peter Melinchok expressing dismay at his parents’ distorted sense of time

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Bangor University considers removing librarians posted by Blake on Thursday January 27, @07:30AM -753 hits Ms Information writes "News from the University of Wales Bangor in the UK. senior management no longer feel that subject librarians / academic liaison librarians are needed in the modern academic library. They have made restructuring proposals which include removing all bar one of the subject librarians and a tier of the library management, including the Head of Bibliographic Services. The university management thinks that technology has 'deskilled' literature searching. As far as I know, this proposal is unprecedented in the United Kingdom. In essence, there will remain 4 professional librarians serving a 'research-led' university of 8,000 plus FTEs and with 8 library sites. These will be the university librarian, cataloguing librarian, acquisitions librarian and Law librarian. Has anything like this happened anywhere that you know of? If so, what have been the effects? Blake Ms Information

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Rhodes University – Anne Moon

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Total Circulation Note. M. Kyrillidou and M. Young. (2003). ARL Statistics 2002-03. Washington, D.C.: ARL, p.8.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Reference Transactions Note. M. Kyrillidou and M. Young. (2003). ARL Statistics 2002-03. Washington, D.C.: ARL, p.8.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org ARL Overall

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Libraries Remain a Credible Resource in 21 st Century 98% agree with statement, “My … library contains information from credible and known sources.” Note. Digital Library Federation and Council on Library and Information Resources. (2002). Dimensions and Use of the Scholarly Information Environment.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Changing Behaviors Recent Survey: Only 15.7% agreed with the statement “The Internet has not changed the way I use the library.” Note. Digital Library Federation and Council on Library and Information Resources. (2002). Dimensions and Use of the Scholarly Information Environment.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Early data from ethnographic interviews –“I use Google because I heard it searches for more things” (than other sources). –“I believe I can find anything on the Internet. There hasn’t been anything I haven’t been able to find.” –“Because I’m lazy.” –Books have “so much information that no one can go through it all.” –I use “the Internet first is because it is more convenient.” –I go to the library “because that’s what teachers like.” –“Google has gotten me through college.” Source: Steve Jones, The Internet Goes to College, ARL Talk The Internet Goes to College

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org … a revolution in making Il est plus nécessaire d'étudier les hommes que les livres —FRANÇOIS DE LA ROCHEFOUCAULD (1613–1680)

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Into the future … StatsQUAL+™ –ARL Statistics –E-Metrics –LibQUAL+™ –DigiQUAL+™ –MINES for Libraries™

The MINES Survey Methodology brinley.franklin@uconn.edu http://www.minesforlibraries.org Brinley Franklin Vice Provost for University Libraries University of Connecticut www.arl.org/stats/ MINES for Libraries

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org What is MINES? Action research –Set of recommendations for research design –Set of recommendations for web survey presentation –Set of recommendations for information architecture in libraries –Plan for continual assessment of networked electronic resources

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org MINES for Libraries TM MINES is a transaction-based research methodology consisting of a web-based survey form and a random moments sampling plan. MINES typically measures who is using electronic resources, where users are located at the time of use, and their purpose of use. MINES was adopted by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL) as part of the “New Measures” toolkit in May, 2003. MINES is different from other electronic resource usage measures that quantify total usage (e.g., Project COUNTER, E- Metrics) or measure how well a library makes electronic resources accessible (LibQual+TM).

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org MINES for Libraries TM Survey Form Five Questions and a Comment Box

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Questions Addressed By MINES for Libraries™ for the OCUL Scholars Portal How extensively do sponsored researchers use OCUL’s Scholars Portal? How much usage is for non-funded research, instruction/education, student research papers, and course work? Are researchers more likely to use the Scholars Portal from inside or outside the library? What about other classifications of users? Are there differences in Scholars Portal based on the user’s location (e.g., in the library; on-campus, but not in the library; or off-campus)? Could MINES, combined with usage counts, provide an infrastructure to make Scholars Portal usage studies routine, robust, and easily integrated into OCUL’s administrative decision-making process for assessing networked electronic resources?

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL/MINES Methodological Considerations The sampling plan was determined at the outset. Surveys were conducted once a month for two hours a month between May, 2004 and April, 2005 The selection of the monthly survey periods were weighted based on usage counts by time of day and were chosen randomly. Participation was mandatory, negating on-respondent bias, was based on actual use in real-time, and was brief (to minimize user inconvenience). OCUL designed the local questions, mounted the survey, collected data and sent it to ARL for tabulation in aggregate and by individual institution. If more than one search was conducted by a user, the survey form was auto-populated with initial responses as the default.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL/MINES Methodological Considerations (continued) Each participating library explained the survey and its confidentiality provisions to their local constituency. Research ethics officers and/or Ethics Review Boards, where necessary, reviewed and approved the survey instrument and methodology. OCUL determined that individual institutions and their institution-specific data collected during the survey periods would not be disclosed. Individual data was anonymous. The mandatory nature of the survey required discussion on some campuses and caused one OCUL member library to withdraw from the study. Two institutions pre-tested the survey in January, 2004. Data collection programming and configurations/links had to be revised in February and March, 2004. After completing the survey, users were connected to their desired Scholars Portal networked electronic resource.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Issues with web surveys Research design –Coverage error Unequal access to the Internet Internet users are different than non-users –Response rate Response representativeness –Random sampling and inference –Non-respondents Data security

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org MINES strategy A representative sampling plan, including sample size, is determined at the outset. Typically, there are 48 hours of surveying over 12 months at a medical library and 24 hours a year at a main library. Random moment/web-based surveys are employed at each site. Participation is usually mandatory, negating non- respondent bias, and is based on actual use in real-time. Libraries with database-to-web gateways or proxy re- writers offer the most comprehensive networking solution for surveying all networked services users during survey periods.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org MINES strategy (continued) Placement –Point of use –Not remembered, predicted or critical incident Usage rather than user –What about multiple usages –Time out ? –Cookie or other mechanism with auto-population Distinguish patron association with libraries. –For example, medical library v. main library. –But what if the resources are purchased across campus for all. Then how to get patron affiliation?

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Web Survey Design Guidelines Web survey design guidelines that MINES followed: –Presentation Simple text for different browsers – no graphics –Different browsers render web pages differently Few questions per screen or simply few questions Easy to navigate Short and plain No scrolling Clear and encouraging error or warning messages Every question answered in a similar way - consistent –Radio buttons, drop downs ADA compliant Introduction page or paragraph Easy to read –Must see definitions of sponsored research. Can present questions in response to answers – for example if sponsored research was chosen, could present another survey

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Quality Checks Target population is the population frame – surveyed the patrons who were supposed to be surveyed - except in libraries with outstanding open digital collections. Check usage against IP. In this case, big numbers may not be good. May be seeing the survey too often. Alter order of questions and answers, particularly sponsored and instruction. Spot check IP against self-identified location Spot check undergraduates choosing sponsored research – measurement error Check self-identified grant information against actual grants Content validity – discussed with librarians and pre-tested. Turn-aways – number who elected not to fill out the survey Library information architecture -- Gateway v. HTML pages – there is a substantial difference in results.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Mandatory – UConn Libraries (3 months)

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Optional – UConn Libraries (3 months)

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Issues with web surveys: brief bibliography Cook, Colleen; Heath, Fred; and Russell L. Thompson. 2000 (December). “A Meta-Analysis of Response Rates in Web- or Internet-Based Surveys.” Educational and Psychological Measurement 60(6): 821-836. Couper, Mick P.; Traugott, Michael W.; and Lamias, Mark J. 2001. "Web Survey Design and Administration," Public Opinion Quarterly, 65 (2): 230-253. Covey, Denise Troll.. 2002. Usage and Usability Assessment: Library Practices and Concerns. CLIR Publication 105. Washington DC: Council on Library and Information Resources. –http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub105/contents.htmlhttp://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub105/contents.html Dillman, D.A. 2000 (December). Mail and Internet Surveys, The Tailored Design Method. 2nd Ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Gunn, Holly. 2002. “Web-based Surveys: Changing the Survey Process.” FirstMonday 7(12). –http://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_12/gunn/index.htmlhttp://firstmonday.org/issues/issue7_12/gunn/index.html LIBQUAL+ ™ Spring 2004 Survey. 2004. Cook, Colleen, and others. –http://www.libqual.org/documents/admin/ARL_Notebook2004.pdfhttp://www.libqual.org/documents/admin/ARL_Notebook2004.pdf Schonlau, Matthias; Fricker Jr., Ronald D.; and Elliott, Marc N. 2002. Conducting Research Surveys via E-Mail and the Web. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. Tenopir, Carol, with the assistance of Brenda Hitchcock and Ashley Pillow. 2003 (August). Use and Users of Electronic Library Resources: An Overview and Analysis of Recent Research Studies. Washington DC: Council on Library and Information Resources. –http://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub120/contents.htmlshttp://www.clir.org/pubs/reports/pub120/contents.html Thomas, Susan J. 2004. Using Web and Paper Questionnaires for Data-Based Decision Making: From Design to Interpretation of the Results. Thousand Oaks, Corwin Press. Thompson, Bruce.; Cook, Colleen.; Thompson, Russell L. 2002. Reliability and Structure of LibQUAL+™ scores: Measuring Perceived Library Service Quality. portal: Libraries and the Academy.3-12.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL MINES What do the data tells us? http://www.minesforlibraries.org Martha Kyrillidou Director of the ARL Statistics and Measurement Program Association of Research Libraries www.arl.org/stats/ MINES for Libraries

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org How extensively do sponsored researchers use OCUL’s Scholars Portal? How much usage is for non-funded research, instruction/education, student research papers, and course work? Are researchers more likely to use the Scholars Portal from inside or outside the library? What about other classifications of users? Are there differences in Scholars Portal based on the user’s location (e.g., in the library; on-campus, but not in the library; or off-campus)? Could MINES, combined with usage counts, provide an infrastructure to make Scholars Portal usage studies routine, robust, and easily integrated into OCUL’s administrative decision-making process for assessing networked electronic resources? Questions Addressed By MINES for Libraries™ for the OCUL Scholars Portal

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org MINES for Libraries TM Survey Form Five Questions and a Comment Box

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Analysis Web deliverables: –Crosstabulations in html for all OCUL data –Interactive crosstabs for all OCUL and institutions Print deliverables: –summary tables for OCUL –summary tables for each institution –Final report

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Add them up and down …

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL Scholars Portal Usage Affiliation

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Affiliation by Purpose of Use Purpose of Use AffiliationCoursework Other Activities Other Research Patient CareSponsoredTeachingTotal Applied Sciences24.0%7.6%17.7%0.6%46.3%3.7%100.0% Business34.8%7.6%30.0%0.9%10.8%16.0%100.0% Education40.9%5.4%17.1%0.8%11.8%24.0%100.0% Environmental Studies43.5%2.5%24.0%0.3%23.3%6.3%100.0% Fine Arts56.3%6.9%20.6%1.3%5.6%9.4%100.0% Humanities51.5%10.8%21.0%0.5%9.5%6.7%100.0% Law67.5%6.8%12.8%0.9%2.6%9.4%100.0% Medical Health29.7%5.5%18.4%8.6%32.0%5.7%100.0% Other51.9%22.8%10.9%2.1%7.4%5.0%100.0% Sciences44.6%9.7%11.1%0.4%31.8%2.4%100.0% Social Sciences62.6%4.5%14.4%0.7%13.6%4.2%100.0% Total42.0%7.5%16.2%2.4%26.2%5.6%100.0%

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org User Status by Purpose of Use Purpose of Use User StatusCoursework Other Activities Other Research Patient CareSponsoredTeachingTotal Faculty1.5%4.7%21.2%4.4%42.6%25.6%100.0% Graduate Professional19.5%3.9%25.5%2.5%45.4%3.2%100.0% Library Staff23.5%24.1%13.1%16.5%17.7%5.2%100.0% Other6.0%35.2%20.8%8.7%26.8%2.5%100.0% Staff3.5%9.5%20.6%2.1%51.6%12.7%100.0% Undergraduate75.8%7.8%7.7%0.9%5.9%1.9%100.0% Total42.0%7.5%16.2%2.4%26.2%5.6%100.0%

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Location by Purpose of Use Purpose of Use LocationCoursework Other Activities Other Research Patient CareSponsoredTeachingTotal Library52.8%14.9%10.8%1.2%12.3%7.9%100.0% Off-campus47.2%7.0%17.3%4.1%19.9%4.6%100.0% On-campus29.2%4.0%17.9%0.9%42.2%5.7%100.0% Total42.0%7.5%16.2%2.4%26.2%5.6%100.0%

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Reason for Use Reason for Use (n=20293)FrequencyReason for Use (n=20293)Percent Important Journal10219Important Journal50.4% Recommended Colleague2436Recommended Colleague12.0% Reference/Citation6090Reference/Citation30.0% Recommended Librarian620Recommended Librarian3.1% Course Reading925Course Reading4.6% Other4388Other21.6%

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org How extensively do sponsored researchers use OCUL’s Scholars Portal? How much usage is for non-funded research, instruction/education, student research papers, and course work? MINES for Libraries™shows that the Scholars Portal resources are heavily used by faculty and students in all OCUL. The majority of the use is from the sciences and the medical field and particularly in those fields the majority of the use is for sponsored research purposes.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Are researchers more likely to use the Scholars Portal from inside or outside the library? What about other classifications of users? Most faculty, graduate professionals and undergraduates uses of the Scholars Portal are from outside the library building. Undergraduates though do show many uses of the Scholars Portal from within the library as they are probably becoming more exposed to these resources by having more physical contact with the library.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Are there differences in Scholars Portal based on the user’s location (e.g., in the library; on-campus, but not in the library; or off-campus)? Most of the faculty and graduate professionals use Scholars Portal either from on-campus locations outside the library or from other off-campus locations. Most of the uses from these locations outside the library are for sponsored research purposes.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Could MINES, combined with usage counts, provide an infrastructure to make Scholars Portal usage studies routine, robust, and easily integrated into OCUL’s administrative decision-making process for assessing networked electronic resources? Yes

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Discussion How do we allocate expenditures for electronic resources? How do we allocate indirect costs for electronic resources? What is the appropriate balance between electronic and print? What is the appropriate balance between centralized and distributed purchasing? How are electronic resources affecting learning and research outcomes?

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL MINES Possible Future Directions http://www.minesforlibraries.org Brinley Franklin Vice Provost for University Libraries University of Connecticut www.arl.org/stats/ MINES for Libraries

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL MINES Possible Future Directions Individual Institutional Analysis Longitudinal Data Collection Beyond the Scholar’s Portal

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL Scholars Portal Users by Purpose of Use (n=20,300)

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org U.S. Main Libraries Total Users n = 25,698 U.S. Medical Libraries Total Users n = 31,883 OCUL (Canada) Libraries Total Users n = 20,300 MINES for Libraries TM Location of Electronic Resources Users

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org MINES for Libraries TM Demographics by Location of User Ontario Council of University Libraries Off-Campus n = 9,163 Inside the Library n = 4,047 On Campus, Not in the Library n = 7,090

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Beyond the Scholar’s Portal DD/ILL –ILLiad – enable at the ILLiad logon screen Ask Reference –Enable at the Ask Reference page or icon Digital libraries –Represent an enormous investment –Primary clientele is outside the library. –Introduces non-authenticated group

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Beyond the Scholar’s Portal Online catalog –856 field Serials solutions –List of ejournals Referrer server –Create a passthrough gateway Mirrored web server –Drop in mirrored HTML page with survey links at survey period Mirrored HTML pages enabled by scripts

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Beyond the Scholar’s Portal Because of the point of use requirement, libraries that have either a virtual gateway in library web architecture (or mount their own files like OCUL or OhioLink) succeed the best. Rewriting proxy server Database-to-web solutions Serials Solutions OpenURL solutions are a gateway.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org Beyond the Scholar’s Portal Networked electronic resources are accessible from many different web pages and web servers Patrons bookmark networked electronic resources locally on their own workstations. Academic departments, librarian liaisons, anyone with a web page copies and pastes library links into their own web sites The survey data must be collected and commensurable for all networked electronic resources, including e-journals, e-books, online databases or traditional library request services offered in the online environment, such as Interlibrary Loan. The results of the survey have to be uninfluenced by caching issues, both local, web browser caching and proxy server or Internet Service Provider caching. The survey has to be meaningful for networked electronic resources, no matter how they were implemented. Different authentication methods have to be accommodated, whether the institution used IP, password, referring URL, or an authentication and access gateway. Remote usage has to be measured, regardless of the channel of communication, whether locally implemented proxy server, modem pool, or other institutional service.

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org September 25-27, 2006 Charlottesville, VA, USA

http://www.arl.org/stats http://www.minesforlibraries.org OCUL MINES Possible Future Directions brinley.franklin@uconn.edu martha@arl.org http://www.minesforlibraries.org http://www.statsqual.org

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