2. Access to Cars: Employment and Family Well-being Making Connections Ten-Site Survey December 2005 Margy Waller, Brookings Institution

3. Facts about the Survey National survey includes the following ten places: Denver, Des Moines, Hartford, Indianapolis, Louisville, Milwaukee, Oakland, Providence, San Antonio, and Seattle Survey conducted 2002 – 2004 7496 respondents in the MC neighborhoods

4. Nearly two-thirds of Making Connections neighborhood respondents were female Female Male 65% 35% Gender 87% 13% Citizens Non- citizens Citizenship Nearly 90 percent of Making Connections neighborhood respondents were United States citizens Facts about MC Respondents

5. Employment Just over half of Making Connections neighborhood respondents were employed Employed 53% Unemployed 47% Income More than half of Making Connections neighborhood respondents live in households with income under $20,000/year Less than $20k/year More than $20k/year 46% 54% Facts about MC Respondents

6. 60% 40% 48% 13% 51% College Grad < High school High school Living arrangements EducationRace/Ethnicity Not living with spouse or partner Living with spouse or partner Asian 33% 9% 28% 21% 7% 2% Native American Whit e Hispanic Black Other Facts about MC Respondents

7. Household Car Car Reliability Drivers License 29% 71% 7% 93% 31% 69% Own car No car Reliable Unreliable Has valid license No valid license Facts about MC Respondents

8. In the Making Connections neighborhoods, respondents in a household with a vehicle were significantly more likely to… No carOwn car 70% 48% Own carNo car Own carNo car 49% 18% 5% 37% Live in a household with income over $20,000 Have high school or GED credential Live with a spouse or partner

9. In the Making Connections neighborhoods, respondents with a child who lived in a household with a vehicle… Were significantly less likely to cite a transportation-related reason for why the child did NOT participate No car Were more likely to say the child participated in school activities Own car 22% 56% 45% 30% 22% School Activities No carOwn car

10. Less likely to be employed Unemployed for longer periods, on average More likely to have a temporary or seasonal job Less likely to have received a raise in the previous year Less likely to use services like a bank, recreation center, or after school programs Less likely to attend community college Less likely to have a savings or checking account Less likely to be saving for education, retirement, or a home Isolating Effects of Car Ownership Controlling for effects of race, education, income, gender, citizenship, and marital status, survey data show that respondents without cars were significantly:

11. Employment Outcomes After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars were…. Significantly less likely to be employed Unemployed for significantly longer periods of time, on average 13 wks/yr 25 wks/yr Own car 64% 34% Own car No car

12. Employment Outcomes After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars…. Were significantly more likely to have a temporary or seasonal job Were significantly less likely to have received a raise in the previous year 17% 25% 62% 46% Own car No car

13. Use of Services After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars were significantly less likely to use…. A bank After-school programs Comm. college or adult ed A recreational center A library

14. Those without cars reported significantly more difficulty using the supermarket Respondents without cars were significantly less satisfied with recreational centers Reasons for Non-Use Respondents without cars were significantly more likely to report a transportation-related problem as the reason for not using: –The supermarket –ATMs –Recreational Centers Access to Services

15. Financial Assets and Status To have a phone that works, use a computer, or access to the internet at home Phone Computer Internet Education House Retirement To have a checking account or a savings account Checking Account Savings Account After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars significantly less likely to…. 92% vs. 80%53% vs. 22%78% vs. 60% 18% vs. 8% 38% vs. 11% 20% vs. 9% 72% vs. 37%62% vs. 31%

16. Financial Assets and Status After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars significantly less likely to…. Have a phone that worksUse a computer at home Access the internet at home 92% 80% Own carNo carOwn carNo car 53% 22% Own carNo car 78% 60%

17. Financial Assets and Status After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars significantly less likely to be saving for…. EducationRetirement A house 17% 7% Own carNo car Own carNo car 36% 11% Own carNo car 19% 9%

18. Financial Assets and Status After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars significantly less likely to…. 72% 37% 62% 32% Own carNo car Own carNo car Have a checking account Have a savings account

19. After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars were significantly less likely to have volunteered in the community in the last year Community Involvement Vehicle in Household No Vehicle Did not volunteer Volunteered 70% 30% Did not volunteer Volunteered 77% 23%

20. Safety and Neighborhoods After controlling for demographic factors, respondents without cars… 80% 75% 36% 33% 41% 36% Were significantly less likely to feel safe alone in the neighborhood during the day Were significantly less likely to believe their neighborhood was safe for children Were significantly less likely to report people that from outside the neighborhood came there to shop or do business Own carNo car Own carNo car Own carNo car