1. www.gaganpareek.com1/10/2009

2. Dr Gagan Pareek alias Dr Harish Pareek M.Com, A.I.C.W.A, PhD Area of Expertise : Accounting & Finance, Credit Risk Management Strategic Management Corporate Trainer & Key Resource Person : In the area of Finance and Strategy, Leadership, Team Building and Motivation Email: contact@gaganpareek.com ; Mobile:+919831865258 Research: Awarded PhD degree on “Operation of NBFCs in India- a changing profile “ in the Dept of Commerce, Calcutta University. Industry Exp: Having 12 years of experience in the area of accounting and finance, credit and risk analysis. Worked for companies like Kesoram Industries Ltd (B.K. Birla Group of Companies), UTI- ISL, Magma Fincorp Ltd. He has also been associated with academic research for the last 9 years. 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

3. Standard Costing It is a technique which uses standards for cost and revenues for the purpose of control through variance analysis. Standard costing involves: –Ascertainment and use of standard costs –Measurement of actual costs –Comparison of standard costs and actual costs to calculate variances –Analysis of variances and taking appropriate actions for the purpose of control 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

4. Standard Costing The deviation of the actual from the standard is known as variance. Variance may be favourable or adverse. Variance may be analyzed in respect of sales, and each element of cost. –Direct Material –Direct Labour –Overheads Variable Fixed 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

5. Cost Variances Cost Variance is the total variance for each element of costs – material,labour, overhead Cost Variances Direct Material Direct LabourOver Head Cost Variance Cost Variance Cost Variance 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

6. Direct Material Variance Direct Material Cost Variance Direct Material Price VarianceDirect Material Usage Variance Direct Material MixDirect Material YieldVariance  Direct Material Cost Variance: It is the difference between the standard cost of direct material specified for the output achieved and the actual cost of direct material used. = (Total Standard cost for actual output) – Total Actual Cost = ( Std. Price x Std Quantity for _ ( Actual Price x Actual actual output) quantity) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

7. Direct Material Variance ( Contd )  Direct Material Price Variance : That portion of direct material cost variance which is due to the difference between the standard price specified and actual price paid. = ( Actual Qty used) x ( Std Price – Actual Price )  Direct Material Usage Variance : That portion of direct material cost variance which is due to the difference between the standard quantity specified and the actual quantity used. = ( Std. Rate ) x ( Std. qty for actual output – Actual qty )  Direct Material Mix Variance: That portion of direct material usage variance which is due to the difference between the standard and actual composition of a mixture. = ( Std. Price ) x (Revised Std. Qty – Actual Qty) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

8. Direct Material Variance ( Contd ) where, Revised Std Qty = (Total weight of Actual Mix) x Std. Qty ( Total Weight of Std. Mix )  Material Yield Variance : It is that portion of direct material usage variance which is due to the difference between the standard yield specified and the actual yield obtained. = ( Std. Cost per unit ) x ( Std. Output for Actual Mix - Actual Output ) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

9. Direct Labour Variance Direct Labour Cost Variance Direct Labour Rate Variance Direct Labour Efficiency Variance Direct Labour MixDirect Labour YieldVariance  Direct Labour Cost Variance: It is the difference between standard direct wages specified for the activity achieved and the actual direct wages paid. = ( Std. cost for actual output ) - ( Actual Cost ) = ( Std rate x Std Time for Actual Output) – ( Actual rate – Actual Time ) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

10. Direct Labour Variance ( Contd )  Direct Labour Rate Variance : That portion of direct labour cost variance which is due to the difference between the standard rate of pay specified and the actual rate paid. = Actual Time x ( Std. Rate – Actual Rate )  Direct Labour Efficiency Variance: That portion of direct labour cost variance which is due to the difference between the standard labour hours specified for the activity achieved and the actual labour hours expended. = Std Rate x ( Std. Time for Actual Output – Actual Time)  Direct Labour Mix Variance : This variance arises if during a particular period, the grades of labour used in production are different from those budgeted. = Std. Rate x ( Revised Std. Time – Actual Time ) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

11. Direct Labour Variance ( Contd ) where, Revised Std. Time = (Total Actual Time ) x Std. Time ( Total Std. Time)  Direct Labour Yield Variance : It is the variance in labour cost on account of increase or decrease in yield or output as compared to the relative standard. = Std. Cost per unit x ( Std. Output of _ Actual Actual mixture output )  Total Direct Labour Efficiency Variance : In those cases where there is an idle time variance ; Total Direct Labour efficiency variance = ( Idle Time variance ) + (Direct Labour efficiency variance) Idle Time Variance = Idle Time x Std. Rate 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

12. Overhead Variances Certain Important terms related to Overhead Variances:  Standard Overhead rate per unit = Budgeted Overheads Budgeted Output  Standard Overhead rate per hr = Budgeted Overheads Budgeted Hours  Standard hrs for Actual Output = Budgeted hrs x Actual Output Budgeted Output  Standard Output = Budgeted Output x Actual Hrs Budgeted hrs  Recovered Overheads = (Std rate per hr) x (Std hrs for actual output)  Budgeted Overheads = (Std. Rate per unit) x (Budgeted Output)  Standard Overheads = (Std. rate per unit) x (Std. Output for actual time)  Actual Overheads = (Actual rate per unit) x (Actual output) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

13. Overhead Variance ( Contd ) Overhead Cost Variance Variable Overhead Cost Fixed Overhead Cost Variance Variance Fixed Overhead Expenditure Fixed Overhead Volume VarianceVariance Fixed Overhead EfficiencyFixed Overhead Capacity Variance Variance  Overhead Cost Variance = Recovered Overheads – Actual Overheads  Variable Overhead Cost Variance: = Recovered Variable Overheads – Actual Variable Overheads 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

14. Variable Overheads ( Contd )  Fixed Overhead Cost Variance : = Recovered fixed Overheads – Actual Fixed Overheads  Fixed Overhead Expenditure Variance: = Budgeted Fixed Overheads – Actual Fixed Overheads  Fixed Overhead Volume Variance : = Recovered Fixed Overheads – Budgeted Fixed Overheads  Fixed Overhead Efficiency Variance : = Std Fixed Overhead x ( Std. Hrs for _ Actual rate per hour Actual production Hours )  Fixed Overhead Capacity Variance : = Std Fixed Overhead x ( Actual Hrs _ Budgeted Rate per hr Worked Hours ) 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

15. Sales Variance With Reference to Turnover With Reference to Profit Value Variance Price Volume Mixture Quantity With Reference to Turnover:  Value Variance = Budgeted Sales – Actual Sales  Price Variance = Actual Qty Sold x ( Std. Price – Actual price) = (Standard Sales – Actual Sales)  Volume Variance = Std. Price x ( Budgeted Qty – Actual Qty ) = Budgeted Sales – Standard Sales 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

16. Sales Variance ( Contd )  Mix Variance : -Based On Quantity : Mix Variance = Std. Price x ( Revised Std. Qty – Actual Qty.) = Revised Std. Sales – Std. Sales -Based on Value : Mix Variance = Revised Std. Sales – Std. Sales where, Revised Std. Sales = Budgeted Ratio of Sales x Std. Sales where, Budgeted Ratio of Sales = Budgeted Sales of a Product Total Budgeted Sales  Quantity Variance = Budgeted Sales – Revised Std. Sales 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

17. Sales Variance ( Contd ) With Reference to Profit :  Value Variance = Budgeted profit – Actual Profit  Price Variance = Std. Profit – Actual Profit = Actual Qty Sold x ( Std. Profit – Actual Profit per unit )  Volume Variance = Budgeted Profit – Standard Profit = Std. Rate of Profit x ( Budgeted Qty – Actual Qty )  Mix Variance = Revised Std. Profit – Std. Profit  Quantity Variance = Budgeted profit – Revised Std. Profit 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com

18. References Banerjee.B, Cost Accounting Theory & Practice, 12 th Edition,, Prentice Hall India Horngreen/ Datar /Foster,Cost Accounting, 11 th Edition, Prentice Hall Business Publishing Maheshwari.S.N. & Maheshwari.S.K. Accounting for Management,, Vikas Publishing House Arora. M.N. Cost & Management Accounting, 8 th Edition, Vikas Publishing House. 1/10/2009www.gaganpareek.com