2. Introduction GNM2209 Intelligent Machine and Human Beings

3. Welcome to the Hot Thinking Pot Just take a look at terms for future intelligent machines: –AIs, Cybermind, cyberlife, cyberconsciousness, virtual humanity, virtual personality, cyborg, superintelligent machines, ASI (artificial super intelligence), AGI (artificial general intelligence), cognitive computing, singularity, mindware, mindclone, mind-file, mind- uploading, mind-transferring, transhuman, teleport, whole brain emulation, non-brain platform, non-biological substrate, post- biological life, spiritual machine, …

4. Recent Books (a), 2014, 2013

5. Recent Books (b), 2014, 2012

6. Recent Books (c), 2013, 2014

7. International Conference ICAART Jan.10-12, 2015 The starting panel of the conference: “AI and the End of Humanity?” My speech at the conference: “Self- consciousness cannot be programmed”

8. Scientists’ Letter on Jan. 12, 2015 Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk and hundreds of top scientists and technology leaders signed an open letter warning the potential dangers of developing artificial intelligence (AI). https://uk.news.yahoo.com/dont-let-artificial-intelligence-over-top-scientists-warn- 144431717.html?.tsrc=warhol#1rwTnHihttps://uk.news.yahoo.com/dont-let-artificial-intelligence-over-top-scientists-warn- 144431717.html?.tsrc=warhol#1rwTnHi http://futureoflife.org/misc/open_letter

9. Unprecedented 2 Centuries Human beings achieved terrific progress in science and technology in the 19 th and 20 th centuries in the spectrum of 6,000 years of human civilization history,

10. A Generation of Unprecedented Luck Comparing to our predecessors, we are the most fortunate generation(s). Thinking of our descendants, we are possibly the most fortunate generation(s).

11. A Generation of Unprecedented Responsibility Human has generated wealth and happiness, as well as problems that threat ourselves and our offspring. Technology provides individuals with more power of destruction.

12. A Blade of Two Edges Many technologies are characterized with potentials of both construction and destruction.

13. Computer Era The first industrial revolution was symbolized by flying shuttle and steam engine. The second industrial revolution is symbolized by computer.

14. Extension of Our Brain Machine tools are extension of our muscles. Computers are extension of our brains. Robots are extension of our brains and muscles.

15. Triumphing and Prevailing of Computers Personal computer Internet Super computers Built-in computer in equipment

16. Inescapable Impacts Computers are ubiquitous. Computers are penetrating to our daily life.

17. Machines A machine is a mechanism that is composed of parts and components and is able to fulfill designated jobs.

18. Make Inflexible Machine Flexible One distinct characteristic of human intelligence is flexibility. Computer and machine are not flexible. Artificial intelligence is the study to make inflexible machine flexible.

19. At present, Benefits and Challenges Benefits computers have brought to us: Challenges computers have brought to us:

20. In Future, Opportunities and Threats Opportunities: Threats:

21. In General: Turn Threats into Challenges The computer era is coming unstoppable. Understand the opportunities, benefits, and threats. Take opportunities, harness benefits, and turn threats into challenges. But, …

22. How Intelligent Can a Computer Be? Is it possible to have a machine smarter than humans? Can a machine be conscious, emotional, and spiritual? Does machine intelligence have a limit?

23. If Computers Are as Smart as We Are, then … If machine intelligence = human intelligence, then machine intelligence > human intelligence. Is it true? Is it a blessing or a threat to have machines as intelligent as we are? Are we making a species which is going out of our control?

24. Dualism vs. Monism Dualism: –Mind is something quite separate from, and deeply from, the physical world. Monism: –Mind emerges as nothing but the playing out of ordinary physical states and processes in the familiar physical world

25. Ray Kurzweil “I set the date … as 2045. The nonbiological intelligence created in that year will be one billion times more powerful than all human intelligence today.” “By the late 2020, we will … create nonbiological systems that match and exceed the complexity and subtlety of humans, including our emotional intelligence.” From his book, 2005

26. We Can, Why Not Silicon? How could a device made of silicon be conscious? How could it feel pain, joy, fear, pleasure, and foreboding? It certainly seems unlikely that such exotic capacities should flourish in such an unusual silicon setting. But a moment’s reflection should convince you that it is equally amazing that such capacities should show up in carbon-based meat … - Andy Clark, 2001

27. G. Gilder & J. Richards “If we’re a carbon-based, complex, computational, collocation of atoms, and we’re conscious, then why wouldn’t the same be true for a sufficiently complex silicon-based computer?” From their book 2002

28. Bill Joy’s Warning How soon could such an intelligent robot be built? The coming advances in computing power seem to make it possible by 2030. And once an intelligent robot exists, it is only a small step to a robot species - to an intelligent robot that can make evolved copies of itself. Researches leading to the danger should be relinquished - From “Why the future doesn’t need us” 2000, Wired magazine

29. T. Kaczynski’s Anxiety If trends continue and scientists succeed in developing intelligent machines that can do all things better than human beings can do them, … the fate of the human race would be at the mercy of the machines. They will have been reduced to the status of domestic animals.” - Unabomber’s manifesto, 1995

30. Jeff Hawkins Can computers be intelligent? For decades, scientists in the field of artificial intelligence have claimed that computers will be intelligent when they are powerful enough. I don’t think so, … Brains and computers do fundamentally different things. From his book, 2004

31. Roger Penrose I do my best to express, in a dispassionate way, my scientific reasons for disbelieving electronic computers would be capable of consciousness and arguing that the conscious minds can find no home within our present-day scientific world-view.” From his book 1999

32. Douglas R. Hofstadter “Will emotions be explicitly programmed into a machine? No. That is ridiculous. Any direct simulation of emotions cannot approach the complexity of human emotions, which arise indirectly from the organization of our minds. Programs or machines will acquire emotions in the same way: as by-products of their structure, of the way in which they are organized – not by direct programming.” From his book, 1999

33. John Searle Computer programs are codes. They are not intelligence.

34. Topics of this Class Introduction: - Computer, impact on us now and future. Computer and AI basis –Computer hardware, software, algorithm –Artificial intelligence Subjects, Turing machine, Turing test Computer and us, - now and future

35. Goals of this Class Learning: –Knowledge about computers, artificial intelligence, and their development. Thinking: –Creatively, maybe fictionally, but critically, logically, scientifically, fairmindedly, and philosophically.

36. Approach of this Class Open to arguments, possibly head-on, on various issues on machine and human being through reading articles, videos, lectures, and discussions. By savoring the arguments, turning them over and taking them apart, we expect to come up with insights into the destiny of human and machine, opportunity and threat. Answers may not be “correct” or “wrong”, but they must be “good”.

37. Going on Two Parallel Lines Readings – Lectures / Videos – Homework – Quizzes –Covering themes of this course Thought labs –Touching key concepts and techniques in computer intelligence