1. Mr. Gleason Cambridge-South Dor. Cambridge, MD
The Ancient
Egyptians
Mr. Gleason Cambridge-South Dor. Cambridge, MD

2. A View of Egypt by Satellite
Mediterranean Sea
Begins in the middle of Africa and extends north for 4,000 miles
Delta = Lower Egypt
Place where important cities developed
Red Sea

3. The Fertile Nile Valley
The River rose in the Summer and reached its highest point in September and October
Blessed with natural barriers- deserts, Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, Rapids on the Nile
Once water receded, black mud was left that was rich and fertile “BLACK LAND”

4. The Annual Flooding of the Nile “The Miracle”

5. Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
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Nile Irrigation-the Shaduf
The shaduf, the water-lifting device allowing farmers to irrigate canals during the dry summer.
A Noria, buckets attached to a waterwheel. Another device to lift water.
They constructed a network of irrigation systems that directed water onto different parts of land to saturate the land.
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6. Ancient Egyptian History
Periods
Time Frame
Nile Culture Begins
3900 B. C. E.
Archaic
3100 – 2650 B. C. E.
Old Kingdom
2650 – 2134 B. C. E.
Middle Kingdom
2040 – 1640 B. C. E.
New Kingdom
1550 – 1070 B. C. E.
Late Period
750 – 332 B. C. E.
Greek Ptolemaic Era
332 – 30 B. C. E.
Roman Period
30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E.

7. Menes: Unifier of Upper & Lower Egypt
For a long time, Menes was considered to be as imaginary as the Gods. Some historians believe that the Sphinx was a monument dedicated to Menes.
Archeologists found Menes wearing the crown of Upper and Lower Egypt.
c B. C. E. ?
Dynasty – family of rulers whose right to rule is passed on within the family.
Menes: King who united Upper and Lower Egypt creating the first dynasty

8. Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class Homes
Peasant Homes

9. Scenes of Ancient Egyptian Daily Life
Monogamy was the general rule, although a husband could take another wife if childless
Young boys and girls married very young: Girls-12 ; Boys-14
Most careers were closed to women, but some did operate businesses.
Parents arranged marriages; chief concern was to produce children
Many love poems have been excavated and it can be seen that some marriages did have the element of romance.

10. Making Ancient Egyptian Beer
Beer = Staple drink; enjoyed by poor and wealthy
The Bread was made, lightly baked, torn into pieces, and strained through a sieve with water. Flavor was added by dates and stored in large jars for fermentation.
Making Beer = Traditionally a woman’s task made from yeast filled bread
Beer = Offerings to Gods, used as money for wages, beer given in rations

11. What action is happening based on all these hieroglyphics?

16. What action did the hieroglyphics represent?

17. Making Ancient Egyptian Wine
It also was used as a mild antiseptic , as cough syrup , as an appetite-restorer , for quelling fevers, dressing wounds , and “releasing a child from the belly of a woman ,” i.e for sedating the woman in birth.
Wine was believed to have divine qualities. Ancient wine was not only made from grapes, but fruits such as figs, pomegranates, dates, figs, and palm.
Made exclusively for royalty and the elite.
Valuable commodity only used in special occasions
Wine = Considered by many to be a food and used for medicine
Wine = Offerings to Gods, used as money for wages, beer given in rations

18. An Egyptian Woman’s “Must-Haves”
Worn by men and women made of human hair, plant fiber, and sheep wool. Some false beards were worn as well.
Mirror
Perfume
The scents were extracted by steeping plants, flowers or wood. The materials were placed in a piece  of  cloth which was wrung until the last drop of fragrance had been retrieved. Alternatively they were boiled with oil and water and the oil skimmed off.
Whigs

19. Egyptian Social Hierarchy
Egyptian Society was organized like a pyramid with the god-king at the top.
Pharaoh was surrounded by priests and upper class nobles.
Below the upper class were merchants, artisans, scribes, and tax collectors
Made exclusively for royalty and the elite.
The peasants paid taxes in the form of crops to the pharaoh, nobles, and priests
Largest number of people in Egypt worked the land

20. Some Famous Egyptian Pharaohs
The boy pharaoh
Restored the old gods after Akhenaton rule.
Ramses II B. C. E.
Tutankhamon B. C. E.
Thutmose III B. C. E.
Nephew of the first women to become pharaoh (Hatshepsut)
Controlled present day Palestine, Syria, and Libya
Egyptians began attacking other empires, regained control of Palestine.
An invasion of the “Sea People” caused his empire to collapse.

21. Egyptian Nobility & Religion
Many gods took on different forms and different names.
Most important gods were the sun gods and land gods
Story of “Osiris and Isis”
Gods were associated with heavenly bodies and natural forces
Egyptians were polytheistic- belief in more than one god

22. Egyptian Gods & Goddesses: “The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris Isis Horus

23. “A boy’s ears are on his back. He listens only when he is beaten.”
Egyptian Scribe
Hieroglyphics an advanced form of writing using pictures and abstract forms.
Hieratic Script- highly simplified version of hieroglyphics
Hieratic writing was used for record keeping and business transactions.
Papyrus- a paper made from reed that grew around the Nile.
Writing emerged around 3000 B.C. (hieroglyphics)
“A boy’s ears are on his back. He listens only when he is beaten.”

24. Papyrus  Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Papyrus Plant

25. Egyptian Math & Draftsmenship1 10
100
1000
10,000
100,000
1,000,000
What number is this?

26. Champollion & the Rosetta Stone
Rosetta Stone- a decree that appears in three separate texts.
1- Ancient Egyptian
2- Demotic
3- Ancient Greek
Provided the key for modern understanding of hieroglyphics

27. Hieroglyphic “Cartouche”
Mr. Ryan Gleason

28. Hieroglyphics “Alphabet” 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols

29. Preparations for the Underworld
Brain was removed by extracting it from the nose.
ANUBIS weighs the dead person’s heart against a feather.
Priests protected your KA, or soul-spirit
*If the physical body was preserved than the spiritual one would return
Liver, lungs, stomach, and intestines were placed in special jars.
Egyptians believed in two bodies- Physical and Spiritual.

30. Materials Used in Mummification
1. Linen Natron 2. Sawdust Onion 3. Lichen Nile Mud 4. Beeswax Linen Pads 5. Resin Frankinsense
Mummification – a process of slowly drying a dead body to prevent it from rotting.

31. Preparation for the Afterlife
Mummy placed in a case and then the tomb.
70 day process
Corpse covered with natural salt, to absorb the body’s water.
Body is filled with spices and wrapped with resin soaked linens.
Afterlife mask

32. Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II 1210-1200 B. C. E.
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Egyptian Mummies
Seti I B. C. E.
Ramses II B. C. E.
Queen Tiye, wife of Amenhotep II B. C. E.
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33. Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel on the “Solar Bark.”
One must pass through the Underworld before they reach the Afterlife.
Magic will help to provide a safe travel.
A boat for the journey is provided for a dead pharaoh in his tomb.

34. Egyptian Book of the Dead
Book of the Dead- Collection of Spells to help the dead pass through the underworld

35. The Final Judgement
Anubis Horus Osiris

36. Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants in the Afterlife
Used to be staff for the pharaoh’s afterlife if called upon to do so.

37. Giza Pyramid Complex Click on me
Pyramids- building dedicated for pharaoh’s burial.
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Great achievements of Egyptian time, building of pyramids during the Old Kingdom.
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38. Plan of the Great Pyramid of Khufu
Largest pyramid built in Giza.
Covers 13 acres
Extremely precise
100,000 pyramid builders
481 feet high
20 years to build
Great Sphinx guards the Pyramid
Sphinx head- likeness of his son

39. Archaeologist, Howard Carter (1922)
Best preserved and most intact tomb
Primary discoverer of King Tut
From London, England

40. Entrance to King “Tut’s” Tomb

41. King Tutankhamon’s Death Mask
B. C. E.

42. King Tutankhamon

43. King Tutankhamun’s Tomb

44. Treasures From Tut’s Tomb

45. Ankhenaton: First Monotheist?
B. C. E.

46. Queen Nefertiti Ruled briefly after her husbands death.
Celebrated Monotheism, Aten Sun God
Known for a Religious Revolution
Made Famous for her bust