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2. Removed an injunction against the New York Times designed to stop publication of classified government documents known as the Pentagon Papers. In what is regarded as one of the most significant prior restraint cases in history, the Supreme Court, in a 63 decision, held that the government had failed to demonstrate the heavy burden of proof needed to justify prior restraint of the press, thus freeing the newspaper to resume publishing the politically controversial material. Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971)

3. Extended First Amendment freedom-of-speech and Fourteenth Amendment equal-protection provisions to the states as well as the federal government. Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971)

4. Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971) Protection against NATIONAL government activity Freedoms guaranteed to the individual Madison wrote 12, 10 passed Declares what government may NOT do

5. Process by which SCOTUS has made many BOR provisions apply to states as well as federal government. 2nd (right to bear arms), 3rd (quartering of troops), 7th (right to jury civil trial) and 8th (right against excessive bail) are still NOT protected with states. Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971)

6. To aid Ohio schools, the state legislature stepped in and offered vouchers that would allow students go to a private schools...96% of students went to religious schools--taxpayers sued Decision: 1) Valid secular effect 2) Effect was neutral because the vouchers went to parents allowing them to make the decision as to which school their child should attend Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971)

7. Fundamental individual rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, protected by law against unwarranted governmental or other interference. Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971)

8. The accused advocated avoiding the draft...was arrested under the Espionage Act--SCOTUS said that oppressing free speech was legal when that speech presented a "clear and present danger." Civil Liberties Bill of Rights Gitlow v. New York (1925) Selective Incorporation Schenck v. United States (1919) Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) New York Times v. United States (1971)

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