1. Connective Tissue(C.T.) The mesodermal ………………. to mesenchymal tissue(undifferentiated mesenchymal cells&hemogenous intercellular substance of proteins The mesenchymal tissue are differentiated in the embryo into 1-connective tissue C.T. 2-vascular tissue 3-smooth muscle

2.  The connective tissue formed of  A-C.T. cells  B-C.T. fibers  C-C.T.matrix

3. Types of C.T.  According to the nature of intercellular matrix  we have 3 types of connective tissue  1-C.T. proper( soft matrix)  2-cartilage (rubbery matrix)  3-Boney ( solid matrix)

4. 1-Connective tissue proper  It is called connective because is support,binds&connection various tissue and organs

5. The C.T. is formed of  1-C.T. cells  2-C.T.fibers  3-Soft matrix or ground substance

6. Types of connective tissue proper  The cells &C.T. fibers are present in the  soft C.T.

7. 6 (Six)Types of C.T. Proper  1-areolar C.T.  2-yellow elastic C.T.  3-Mucoid C.T.  4-White collagen C.T.  5-Adipose C.T.  6-Reticular C.T.

8. Types of Connective tissue cells  1-Fixed C.T. cells as  2-Free C.T.Cells

9. 1-Fixed C.T. cells as:  1-fibroblast,  2-fixed macrophages,  3-fat cells,  4-mesenchymal cells,  5-pericyte cells,  6-endothelial cells  7-reticular cells

10. Fibroblast&Fibrocytes Cells  -develop from mesenchymal cells&pericytes  -It is very numerous in areolar C.T.  -basophilic cytoplasm  -The cytoplasm is rich in RNA,ER,GA,Mitochondria  -fibroblast can divide  -Fibroblast can changes into myofibroblast

11. Function of Fibroblast  - Form collagen,elastin&reticulin substances in order to form C.T.fibers  -Form the mucoprotein of the C.T. matrix  increase number during healing of wounds  Fibroblast change into myofibroblast which close wounds

12. Fibrocytes === mature fibroblasts  - Small spidle shaped cells with dense nuclei  - Acidophilic cytoplasm  -can not divide

13. LM of fibroblasts (arrows)

14. SEM of fibroblasts

15. 2-Fixed macrophages or histocytes cells  -dervied from blood monocytes  - more present in the damaged C.T.  -have irregular cell membrane  -cytoplasma is not clear-rich in lysosomes  -the nucleus is small,kidney shape  -Histiocytes cells can be stained with vital stain as trypan blue

16. Function:  -Defence mechanism of the body  -can engulf(eat)foreign bodies,bacteria and old blood cells  -can clean wound from foreign bodies&debris  -can transport antigens  -macrophage………multinucleatd gint cells…..enclose large foreign bodies in order to destroy them

17. 3-Adipose cell or fat cells or adipocytes  -derived from mesenchymal cells  - flat peripheral nucleus  -there are 2 types of fat cells  1-unilocular white fat cells  2-multilocular brown fat cells  -Fat cells can not divide  Stained :  orange with sudan III,black sudan black

18. Function  -brown fat responsible for energy reservoir&heat production  -white fat cells release energy during starvation  - support organs as kidney  -they act as heat insulator

19. 4-The Mesenchymal Cells(UMC)  -embryonic branched cells called(UMC)  -has large oval nucleus&basophilic cytoplasma  -present in the embryonic tissue  Function:  Can differentiate into other types of C.T.

20. 5-The Pericyte cells  -pale branched cells(peri= around)  -present immediate external to the endothelium of blood vessels capillaries&small venules  -persistent in adult life

21. Function:  Give rise to both fibroblast&smooth muscle cells  -role in the process of healing of connective tissue  -modified to form myoepithelial cells which can contract

22. 6-The Endothelial Cells  Present in the surface of blood capillaries&blood vessels  -develop from the embryonic mesenchymal cells

23. Function:  1-synthesise collagen(type 4 collagen)  2-can form the basal lamina of the endothelium  3-divide rapidly.. give rise..endothelial cells of lung capillaries to secret angiotensin converting enzyme

24. 7- Reticular Cells  -present in mainly in the reticular C.T.  -modified fibroblast which are specialized to secrete reticular fibres  -reticular cells are found in the stroma of bone marrow,lymph nodes,spleen,liver,pancreas

25. Function:  Supportive&phagocytic cells  -form the stroma of glands&bone marrow  -removal cellular debris from the lymphatic tissue

26. 2-Free C.T. Cells  1-Mast Cells  2-Plasma Cells  3-Free Macrophages,  4-Blood Leucocytes  5-Melanophore Cells

27. 1-Mast Cells 2-Histamine secretory mast cells  Present under mucosa of respiratory &digestive tract  Histamine…………….contract smooth muscle  Dilated blood vessels capillaries  Increased the capillary permeability

28.  -Small cells,round,irregular in shape  -present in groups blood vessels  Types of mast cells  1-Heprin secretory mast cells  Present in the C.T. of skin,secret heprin which is an anticoagulant

29. TEM of a Mast Cell

30. LCT – M = mast cell; P = plasma cells; F = fibroblasts; Eo = eosinophils, N = neutrophils

31. Function:  -Secrete heparin or histamine  (paracrine cells)  -release chemical mediators as immediate hypersensitivity  Factors which may cause of anaphylactic shock

32. 2-Plasma Cells  Present  peritoneum, submucosa of digestive  respiratory tract,  lymph nodes&spleen  -originate from plasmablast cells which develop from B-lymphocytes  -small&round with hemogenous basophilic cytoplasm

33. Function:  -secrete specific antibodies against organisms&foreign bodies antibodies circulate in the blood termed(humoral antibodies)&processes is called humoral immunity  -Can not divide  -Have no phagocytic activity

34. 3-Free Macrophages  -derived from blood monocytes after their migration to C.T.  -their cytoplasma is rich in lysosomes&RER  -they have oval eccentric nuclei

35. Function:  -Immun system of the body  -they are highly phagocytic cells  -secrete collagenase&elastasa enzymes&lysozome  -kill certain viruses through secretion of interferon

36. 4-Bolood Leukocytes  Appear normaly in the C.T.of the following body organs  -Eosinophils&basophils  Found in C.T. of respiratory intestinal&female genital tract  -they increase in allergic condition

37.  -Lymphocytes&monocytes  Present in many organs  -increased in number in chronic infections  -Neutrophils:  -They migrate from blood vessels of C.T.  -where acute infection is present in order to phagocytose microorganism

38. 5-Melanophore pigment cells  -They are C.T.macrophages which phagocytose melanin Pigments are formed by the melanocytes  -melanophores are branched cells with small round nuclei  -melanophore are rich in melanin pigments

39. Function:  -They carry melanin pigments

40. Types of C.T.Fibers  There are three(3) types of C.T.  1-white collagennous fibers  2-yellow elastic fibers  3-reticular fibers

41. 1-White Collagenous Fibers  Shape:  colourless wavy branching bundles,the fibers run paralled to each other  Charcter:  soft,strong&flexible but not elastic fibers

42.  Structures:  formed of protein known as (collagen) which can be digested by pepsin&trypsin enzymes  Staining:  collagenous fibers are acidophilic,stainpink with eosin,red in van-Gison&blue with Mallory stain

43. Types of collagen  There are five(5) types of collagen  1-Type I collagen:  Present:  losse C.T.,White fibro-cartilage,bone&teeth this type is formed by fibroblast,osteoblast,odontoblast  2-Type II collagen:  hyaline&elastic cartilage&formed by chondroblast

44.  3-Type III collagen:  skin,smooth muscle&reticular fibers formed by fibroblast&by smooth muscle cells  4-Type IV collagen: present in the basement  membrane of epithelial tissue&lenes of eye,It formed by fibroblast&by endothelial cells  5-Type V collagen:  in placenta,it is formed by fibroblast

45. 2-Elastin fibers  Shape:  fine,straight branching fibers  Carachter:  the fibers branched&anastomose with each other  They run singly&not in bundles  Appear yellow in fresh state

46.  Structures:  formed of protein known as elastin which is resistant to chemical and to boiling  Can digested by the pancreatic elastase enzyme  Staining:  brown with orcein,black with verhoeff and yellow with van-Gison

47. Orecin Stain for Elastin – purple “ribbon candy”

48. 3-Reticular Fibers  Shape:  they are thin,branched anastomose to form anetwork or reticulum  Strucures:  -formed of protein known as collagen type III  -Staining: Black with silver

49. Sliver Stain for Reticular Fibers

50. PAS stain of epithelial basement membranes (BM)

51. TEM of collagen fibers with 64 nm periodicity

52. TEM of extracellular collagen fibers (Cl)

53. Masson’s Trichrome Stain – blue = collagen

54. Areolar Tissue Pink = collagen Purple = elastin

55. TEM of a Plasma Cell

56. TEM of a Macrophage

57.  Types of C.T. Proper  6 types of C.T.proper  The 12 types of c.t. cells and the 3 types of c.t. fibers are present in soft matrix of mucopolysacchrids to form the

58. following 6 types of C.T. proper  1-Areolar C.T.  2-Adipose tissue  3-Yellow elastic C.T.  4-White Collagenous C.T.  5-Reticular C.T.  6-Micoid C.T.

59.  1-Areolar C.T.  Commone type in the human body contain all types of C.T.fibers&C.T. cells  Function:packaging material for other tissue  Structures: formed of aloose matrix formed of mucopolysacchids contain areolar(spaces)filled with air or fluid  C.T. cells&C.T. fibers are embedded in the loose matrix  C.T. cells are mainly fibroblasts,macrophages,fat &mast cells  C.T. fibers are mainly collagenous which are found in dermis of skin

60.  Sites:  1-submucosa of digestive tract  2-Present in all over the body except brain tissue&under dermis of skin  3-pleura,peritoneum&pericardium  4-under epithelial lining of organs  5-around the organs&blood vessels

61.  2-Adipose C.T.  The fat cells develop from(UMC) transformed in lipoblast then into fat cells

62.  There are 2 types of adipose C.T.  A.White Adipose Tissue  B.Brown Adipose tissue

63.  A-White adipose tissue  Composed of large fat cells  These fat cells have eccentric flat nuclei  -the rim of cytoplasm around the nuclei contain few cell organelles  These fat cells can form fatty acids from glucprotien processes is regulate by hormones as insulin  This type affect by hormones&by the restriction of diet(regime)

64.  Function of White Adipose C.T.  -Heat insulator&fat storge areas  Gives the body normal shape  Sites:  1-under the skin(im female)present in mammary glands&gluteal region  2-Around the kidney&blood vessels  3-in mesentry,omentum,abdominal wall

65.  B-Brown adipose C.T.  Formed of small fat cells filled with many droplets of pigmented lipid  Develops mainly in the emroyo from UMC.persist for few months after birth,supplies new born infant with heat to protect them from cold

66.  Function:  Heat generator,gives,heat to the different body organs  Site:  Interscapular region,axillary region,mediastinal around the thoracic aort  Present:  Eyelid,lung

67.  Present:  Eyelid,lung  3-Elastic C.T.  Appears yellow when present in afresh condition  -stained brown with orecin stain  -elastic fibers separated with areolar C.T.  -elastic tissue stretchable  -elastic tissue is present in the form of elastic membranes as in aorta  Site:  -aorta&large arteries  -bronchi,bronchiles&around alveoli of lung  -ligment nuchae(in the back of the neck)to facilitate movments of trunk&neck