3. Knower(s) Natural Sciences Language Sense Perception Emotion Reason Mathematics Human Sciences History Arts Ethics Areas of Knowledge Theory of Knowledge Diagram Ways of Knowing

4. TaK - Language “In the beginning was the Word...”

5. TaK - Language What could you know about the world if you had no language or means of communicating with other people?

6. Two volunteers to describe the drawings......

8. Perception: What elements did you consider to be important? Why? What elements did you forget? Was it easier to memorise/describe the representational picture, or the geometric shapes? Why? Reason: What role did reason play? How did you decide what to describe? Why? What did you not try to describe? Why? Emotion: How was it trying to describe the picture? How was it listening to the description? Language: The limitations of language (the difficulty of describing how to tie a shoelace compared to showing how to do it) How was it for those with less English?

9. TaK - Language There is an element of translation in every communication. A sends a message to B. B receives the message and interprets it. Misunderstanding takes place.

10. TaK - Language “If you can’t say it, you don’t know it” Hans Reichenbach “How often misused words generate misleading thoughts” Herbert Spencer

11. TaK - Language Language is a subset of Communication - but not all communication is language. What else is there? Communication Spoken/Written Language Body Language Symbols Arts ? Maths Models

12. TaK - Language Pablo PicassoFrancis Bacon Communication - Arts A picture is worth a thousand words…?

13. TaK - Language Communication - Body Language

14. TaK - Language Communication - Body Language

15. Body Language Body language is a form of non-verbal communication involving the use of stylized gestures, postures, and physiologic signs which act as cues to other people. Humans, sometimes unconsciously, send and receive non-verbal signals all the time. Perhaps 70% of communication is non-verbal TaK - Language

16. What can body language communicate more effectively than spoken language? What can spoken language communicate more effectively than body language?

17. TaK - Language Communication -The Language of Clothes

18. TaK - Language Communication -The Language of Clothes

19. TaK - Language Communication - Symbols

20. TaK - Language Communication - Symbols

21. TaK - Language Communication - Symbols

22. TaK - Language Words are symbols … this word represents that thing Tree =

23. TaK - Language What do we mean by ‘Language’? Language is rule-governed. Language is intended. Language is creative and open-ended.

24. TaK - Language Rule-governed: Grammar Rules Accepted vocabulary Needs social agreement

25. TaK - Language there were six people injured lying at the side of the road Make a coherent sentence using all 12 words:

26. The Montillation of Traxoline by Judy Lanier “It is very important that you learn about traxoline. Traxoline is a new form of zionter. It is montilled in Ceristanna. The Ceristannians gristeriate large amounts of fevon and then bracter it into quasel traxoline. Traxoline may well be one of our most lukized snezlaus in the future because of zionter lescelidge” 1)What is traxoline? 2)Where is traxoline montilled? 3)How is traxoline quaselled? 4)Why is it important to know about traxoline? TaK - Language

27. Someone to read out the following:

28. Aoccdrnig to rscheearch at a Uinervtisy, it deosn't mttaer in waht oredr teh ltteers in a wrod are, the olny iprmoatnt tihng is taht the frist and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a taotl mses and yuo can sitll raed it wouthit a porbelm. Tihs is bcuseae teh huamn mnid deos not raed ervey lteter by istlef, but teh wrod as a wlohe. TaK - Language

29. Intended: Language is a form of communication, but not all communication is language  You are bored in class, you catch someone’s eye and make a yawning gesture  You are trying to look interested in what someone is saying but find yourself starting to yawn.

30. TaK - Language Creative and open-ended: You can write or speak a sentence that has never, ever appeared in the English language...

31. TaK - Language In groups, define – A triangle A table Love

32. TaK - Language Language enables us to communicate new information, to learn about people and places and ideas we have never encountered before…... but to what extent should we trust it?

33. TaK - Language Why is it so difficult to communicate effectively?

34. TaK - Language Some of the reasons... Most of the message we communicate is non- verbal. The words we use are vague, imprecise, and can be interpreted in different ways. We may have a “hidden agenda” that is not mutually understood. In this community, we all have different language histories and experiences – verbal and non-verbal! This contributes to the “problem” of communication.

35. TaK - Language Problems of meaning Language changing Language used to influence and persuade.

36. TaK - Language Problems of meaning Vagueness: fast, slow, nice, bald Ambiguity: “Refuse to be put in the basket”, “Flying planes can be dangerous”, “Eats, shoots and leaves” Secondary meaning: love, death, school, priest Metaphor: “She has her head in the clouds”, “My brother is a butcher”, “My doctor is a butcher” Irony: “Nice weather!”

37. TaK - Language Vagueness Without thinking about it too much, write down a figure for each of the following: He lives close to his school. How near does he live? She is a heavy smoker. How many cigarettes does she smoke each day? He is middle-aged. How old is he? Her mother earns a lot of money. What is her annual income?

38. TaK - Language Changing language Language reflects our changing world. Gender issues Political correctness Technology Slang International travel Internet + media

39. TaK - Language Language used to influence and persuade Propaganda and manipulation through language using: Emotionally laden words Weasel words Grammar Revealing and concealing

40. TaK - Language Emotionally laden words: Terrorist / Freedom fighter Pro-life / Pro-choice Free speech / Hate speech “Blocking your child’s access to objectionable material on the internet is not called Censorship – it’s called Parenting” Al Gore

41. TaK - Language We have: army, navy and airforce reporting guidelines press briefings They have: a war machine censorship propaganda We launch: first strikes pre-emptively They launch: sneak missile attacks without provocation We: suppress neutralise dig in They: destroy kill cower Our soldiers are: boys cautious confident loyal resolute brave Their soldiers are: hordes cowardly desperate blindly obedient ruthless fanatical George Bush is: at peace with himself resolute statesmanlike assured Saddam Hussein is: demented defiant an evil tyrant a crackpot monster These are all expressions used by the British press while covering the First Gulf War…

42. TaK - Language Weasel Words: “many”,“ should”, “probably” “Probably the best lager in the world” “Our product can reduce wrinkles by 25%”

43. TaK - Language Grammar: “We bombed many villages” “Many villages were bombed”

44. TaK - Language Revealing and Concealing: “I have invited an attractive blonde to the party” “I have invited a cellist to the party” “I have invited my sister to the party” “I have invited a marathon runner to the party” “I have invited a lesbian to the party” “I have invited my best friend to the party”

45. ToK - Language Changing language Language reflects our changing world. Gender issues Political correctness Technology Slang International travel Internet + media

46. Some key points: A great deal of knowledge comes through language and this makes possible an intellectual division of labour Language is a sub-set of communication and is rule- governed, intended and creative We need to understand what a sentence means before we decide whether it’s true or false Much of language is ambiguous and open to interpretation We use language to label and classify. This brings with it the danger of misclassification and stereotyping We use language not only to describe, but also to influence and persuade TaK - Language

47. Some more questions : How does language influence your perception? How can you make sure you have understood a message that is conveyed to you? What arguments are there for and against political correctness? What kinds of texts are easiest to translate? Which are the most difficult? TaK - Language

48. ToK Prescribed Title 2007 Does language play roles of equal importance in different Areas of Knowledge? TaK - Language

52. Language Perception How does language affect the way we see things? Perception How does language affect the way we see things? Religion Does religious experience lie beyond language? Religion Does religious experience lie beyond language? Ethics Should offensive language be censored? Ethics Should offensive language be censored? Arts Is art the language of the emotions? Arts Is art the language of the emotions? History Is it possible to describe events in an unbiased way? History Is it possible to describe events in an unbiased way? Human Sciences Is language unique to human beings? Human Sciences Is language unique to human beings? Maths How is mathematics like a language? Maths How is mathematics like a language? Natural Sciences What role do metaphors play in science? Natural Sciences What role do metaphors play in science? TaK - Language

53. Some TaK questions: How does language shape human thought? How does it influence what we know and how we know it? Does language assist or limit our search for knowledge and truth?

54. Extras

55. David Koresh Waco, Texas

56. Cult Definition: …a particular system of religious worship, especially with reference to its rites and ceremonies. …a group whose beliefs or practices are considered abnormal or bizarre

57. Cult Characteristics: Mind control Charismatic leadership Deception Exclusivity Alienation Exploitation Totalitarian world view

58. TaK - Language

59. Vagueness Say a word that most in the group will have some familiarity with. Each person describe what the word stirred them to think of...

60. TaK - Language Write a sentence describing what is happening in these two pictures:

61. TaK - Language “There was once” by Margaret Atwood What does the conversation tell us about the opening phrase, “There was once a poor girl, as beautiful as she was good, who lived with her wicked stepmother in a house in the forest”? What sort of things does the second speaker object to? What is the principle behind the objections? Is the principle reasonable? What can we learn about language from this dialogue?

62. Body Language - examples Hands on knees: indicates readiness. Hands on hips: indicates impatience or possibly the person is angry Lock your hands behind your back: indicates self-control. Locked hands behind head: states confidence. Sitting with a leg over the arm of the chair: suggests indifference. Legs and feet pointed in a particular direction: the direction where more interest is felt Crossed arms: indicates submissiveness. TaK - Language