2. Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition
Chapter 6
Inventories
Financial Accounting, Seventh Edition

3. Study Objectives
Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.
Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.
Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.
Explain the lower-of-cost-or-market basis of accounting for inventories.
Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.
Compute and interpret the inventory turnover ratio.

4. Reporting and Analyzing Inventory
Classifying Inventory
Determining Inventory Quantities
Inventory Costing
Inventory Errors
Statement Presentation and Analysis
Finished goods
Work in process
Raw materials
Taking a physical inventory
Determining ownership of goods
Specific identification
Cost flow assumptions
Financial statement and tax effects
Consistent use
Lower-of-cost-or-market
Income statement effects
Balance sheet effects
Presentation
Analysis using inventory turnover

5. Classifying Inventory
Merchandising Company
Manufacturing Company
One Classification:
Merchandise Inventory
Three Classifications:
Raw Materials
Work in Process
Finished Goods
Regardless of the classification, companies report all inventories under Current Assets on the balance sheet.

6. Determining Inventory Quantities
Physical Inventory taken for two reasons:
Perpetual System
Check accuracy of inventory records.
Determine amount of inventory lost (wasted raw materials, shoplifting, or employee theft).
Periodic System
Determine the inventory on hand
Determine the cost of goods sold for the period.
SO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.

7. Determining Inventory Quantities
Taking a Physical Inventory
Involves counting, weighing, or measuring each kind of inventory on hand.
Taken,
when the business is closed or when business is slow.
at end of the accounting period.
SO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.

8. Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Ownership of Goods
Goods in Transit
Purchased goods not yet received.
Sold goods not yet delivered.
Goods in transit should be included in the inventory of the company that has legal title to the goods. Legal title is determined by the terms of sale.
SO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.

9. Determining Inventory Quantities
Goods in Transit
Illustration 6-1
Ownership of the goods passes to the buyer when the public carrier accepts the goods from the seller.
Ownership of the goods remains with the seller until the goods reach the buyer.
SO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.

10. Determining Inventory Quantities
Determining Ownership of Goods
Consigned Goods
In some lines of business, it is common to hold the goods of other parties and try to sell the goods for them for a fee, but without taking ownership of goods.
These are called consigned goods.
SO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.

11. How Much Inventory Should a Company Have?
Only enough for sales needs
Excess inventory costs:
storage costs
interest costs
obsolescence - technology, fashion 58

12. Inventory Costing
Unit costs can be applied to quantities on hand using the following costing methods:
Specific Identification
First-in, first-out (FIFO)
Last-in, first-out (LIFO)
Average-cost
Cost Flow Assumptions
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

13. Suppose you own a bike shop
With ONLY one model of bike
That you buy in large quantities…
At different times
What do you use for cost?

14. What Makes Cost Flow Assumptions Necessary?
Changing Prices
You probably did NOT purchase the bikes (even the same models) at the same price levels 45

15. Inventory Costing Specific Identification Method
An actual physical flow costing method in which items still in inventory are specifically costed to arrive at the total cost of the ending inventory.
Practice is relatively rare.
Most companies make assumptions (Cost Flow Assumptions) about which units were sold.
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

16. Inventory Costing
Illustration: Assume that Crivitz TV Company purchases three identical 46-inch TVs on different dates at costs of $700, $750, and $800. During the year Crivitz sold two sets at $1,200 each.
Illustration 6-2
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

17. Inventory Costing
Illustration: If Crivitz sold the TVs it purchased on February 3 and May 22, then its cost of goods sold is $1,500 ($700 $800), and its ending inventory is $750.
Illustration 6-3
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

18. Specific Identification Method
Is appropriate for firms with a small number of items that are generally large, luxury items such as custom jewelry, yachts or luxury cars.

19. Specific Identification Method
Would not be appropriate for firms with many identical items with relatively low costs such as sneakers, soup or candy bars.

20. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
does not need to equal
Physical Movement of Goods
Illustration 6-11
Use of cost flow methods in major U.S. companies
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

21. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
What should you use for Cost???
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
2-Jun
Beg. Inv
500 $
$ ,000
8-Jun
Purchase
400 $
25-Jun
350 $
$ ,500
Total
1,250
$ ,500
Ending Inventory
250
Units Sold
1,000
???
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

22. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“First-In-First-Out (FIFO)”
Earliest goods purchased are first to be sold.
Often parallels actual physical flow of merchandise.
Generally good business practice to sell oldest units first.
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

23. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“First-In-First-Out (FIFO)”
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
2-Jun
Beg. Inv
500 $
$ ,000
8-Jun
Purchase
400 $
25-Jun
350 $
$ ,500
Total
1,250
$ ,500
Ending Inventory
250
Units Sold
1,000
???
FIFO calculating COGS
2-Jun
500 $
$ ,000
8-Jun
400 $
25-Jun
100 $
$ ,000
COGS
1,000
$ 113,000
 Ending Inventory
250
  $ 32,500
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

25. FIFO – First In First Out
FIFO assumes that the first units purchased are the first units sold
FIFO leaves the most recent purchases in Ending Inventory

26. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“(Weighted) Average-Cost”
Allocates cost of goods available for sale on the basis of weighted average unit cost incurred.
Assumes goods are similar in nature.
Applies weighted average unit cost to the units on hand to determine cost of the ending inventory.
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

27. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“Average Cost”
Illustration 6-10
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

28. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
(Weighted) Average Cost
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
2-Jun
Beg. Inv
500 $
$ ,000
8-Jun
Purchase
400 $
25-Jun
350 $
$ ,500
Total
1,250
$ ,500
Ending Inventory
250
Units Sold
1,000
???
Average Cost - calculating COGS
Total Cost
$ ,500
Units Available
1,250 bikes
Avg Cost/bike
$116.40
COGS
1,000
$ ,400
 Ending Inventory
250
  $ 29,100
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

29. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)”
Latest goods purchased are first to be sold.
Seldom coincides with actual physical flow of merchandise.
Exceptions include goods stored in piles, such as coal or hay.
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

30. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
“Last-In Last Out (LIFO)”
Date
Explanation
Units
Unit Cost
Total Cost
2-Jun
Beg. Inv
500 $
$ ,000
8-Jun
Purchase
400 $
25-Jun
350 $
$ ,500
Total
1,250
$ ,500
Ending Inventory
250
Units Sold
1,000
???
LIFO calculating COGS
25-Jun
350 $
$ ,500
8-Jun
400 $
$ ,000
2-Jun
250 $
$ ,000
COGS
1,000
$ ,500
 Ending Inventory
  $ ,000
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

31. LIFO – Last In First Out
LIFO assumes that the Last units purchased are the first units sold
LIFO leaves the earliest purchases in Ending Inventory

32. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Income Statement Effects
The costing flow method affects Net Income, Taxes, and Ending Inventory costs!
George's Bike Shop - using periodic inventory
FIFO
Average Cost
LIFO
Sales
$ ,000
Beginning Inv
50,000
Purchases
95,500
Cost of Good Available
145,500
Ending Inv
32,500
29,100
25,000
COGS
113,000
116,400
120,500
Gross Profit
127,000
123,600
119,500
Operating Exp.
52,800
Income before Tax
74,200
70,800
66,700
Tax Exp (30%)
22,260
21,240
20,010
Net Income
$ ,940
$ ,560
$ ,690
Note: in this example, prices are increasing = Inflation
SO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.

33. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Balance Sheet Effects-INFLATION
A major advantage of the FIFO method is that in a period of inflation, the costs allocated to Ending Inventory will approximate their current cost.
A major shortcoming of the LIFO method is that in a period of inflation, the costs allocated to ending inventory may be significantly understated in terms of current cost.
SO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.

34. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Balance Sheet Effects -- DEFLATION
FIFO – during a period of deflation, the costs allocated to Ending Inventory may be significantly understated in terms of current cost.
LIFO – during a period of deflation, the costs allocated to ending inventory will approximate their current cost.
SO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.

35. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Tax Effects
Many companies have selected LIFO. Why?
The reason is that LIFO results in the lowest income taxes (because of lower net income) during times of rising prices.
SO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.

36. Inventory Costing Using Cost Flow Methods Consistently
Method should be used consistently, enhances comparability.
Although consistency is preferred, a company may change its inventory costing method.
Illustration 6-14
Disclosure of change in cost flow method
SO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.

38. Inventory Costing Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
When the value of inventory is lower than its cost
Companies can “write down” the inventory to its market value in the period in which the price decline occurs.
Market value = Replacement Cost
Example of conservatism.
SO 4 Explain the lower-of-cost-or-market basis of accounting for inventories.

39. Inventory Costing Lower-of-Cost-or-Market
Illustration: Assume that Ken Tuckie TV has the following lines of merchandise with costs and market values as indicated.
Illustration 6-15
SO 4 Explain the lower-of-cost-or-market basis of accounting for inventories.

40. Inventory Errors Common Cause:
Failure to count or price inventory correctly.
Not properly recognizing the transfer of legal title to goods in transit.
Errors affect both the income statement and balance sheet.
SO 5 Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.

41. Inventory Errors Income Statement Effects
Inventory errors affect the computation of cost of goods sold and net income.
Illustration 6-16
Illustration 6-17
SO 5 Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.

42. Inventory Errors Income Statement Effects
Inventory errors affect the computation of cost of goods sold and net income in two periods.
An error in ending inventory of the current period will have a reverse effect on net income of the next accounting period.
Over the two years, the total net income is correct because the errors offset each other.
The ending inventory depends entirely on the accuracy of taking and costing the inventory.
SO 5 Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.

43. Net Income understated
Inventory Errors
Illustration 6-18
Combined income for 2-year period is correct.
($3,000)
Net Income understated
$3,000
Net Income overstated
SO 5 Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.

44. Inventory Errors Balance Sheet Effects
Effect of inventory errors on the balance sheet is determined by using the basic accounting equation:.
Illustration 6-16
Illustration 6-19
SO 5 Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.

45. Statement Presentation and Analysis
Balance Sheet - Inventory classified as current asset.
Income Statement - Cost of goods sold subtracted from sales.
There also should be disclosure of
major inventory classifications,
basis of accounting (cost or LCM), and
costing method (FIFO, LIFO, or average).

46. Statement Presentation and Analysis
Analysis Using Inventory Turnover
Inventory management is a double-edged sword
High Inventory Levels - may incur high carrying costs (e.g., investment, storage, insurance, obsolescence, and damage).
Low Inventory Levels – may lead to stockouts and lost sales.
SO 6 Compute and interpret the inventory turnover ratio.

47. Statement Presentation and Analysis
Inventory turnover measures the number of times on average the inventory is sold during the period.
Cost of Goods Sold
Inventory Turnover =
Average Inventory
Days in inventory measures the average number of days inventory is held.
Days in Year (365)
Days in Inventory =
Inventory Turnover
SO 6 Compute and interpret the inventory turnover ratio.

48. Statement Presentation and Analysis
Illustration: Wal-Mart reported in its 2009 annual
report a beginning inventory of $35,159 million, an ending inventory of $34,511 million, and cost of goods sold for the year ended January 31, 2009, of $306,158 million. The inventory turnover formula and computation for Wal-Mart
are shown below.
Illustration 6-21
Days in Inventory: Inventory turnover of times divided into 365 is approximately 41 days. This is the approximate time that it takes a company to sell the inventory.
Solution on notes page
SO 6 Compute and interpret the inventory turnover ratio.

49. End of Chapter 6
Good Bye and Good Luck!

50. Employee Theft—An Inside Job
The National Food Service Security Council estimates that employee theft costs U.S. restaurants $15 billion to $25 billion annually.
The average supermarket has inventory shrinkage losses of 2.28% of sales, or $224,808 per year. Average net profit is only 1.1% of sales, so inventory shrinkage is twice the level of profits.
Fear of getting caught and being fired ranks among one of the top reasons employees give, in surveys of reasons why they do not steal from their employer.

51. Employee Theft—An Inside Job
Tips from customers are the No. 1 way that many stores catch thieving employees.
The average employee caught stealing costs his or her company $1,341, while the average loss from a shoplifting incident is only $207.

53. Suppose you own a number of wine shops selling mid-level as well as expensive bottled wine. You have been experiencing significant losses from theft at your stores. You suspect that it is a combination of both employee and customer theft. Assuming that it would be cost-effective, would you install video cameras to reduce both employee theft and customer theft?
YES: Most employees and customers are honest. However, management has a responsibility to employ reasonable, cost-effective approaches to safeguard company assets.
NO: The use of video technology to monitor employees and customers sends a message of distrust. You run the risk of alienating your employees. Cameras might also reduce the welcoming atmosphere for your customers.

54. Cost Flow Methods in Perpetual Systems
Illustration
Appendix 6A
Assuming the Perpetual Inventory System, compute Cost of Goods Sold and Ending Inventory under FIFO, LIFO, and Average cost.
SO 7 Apply the inventory cost flow methods to perpetual inventory records.

55. Cost Flow Methods in Perpetual Systems
“First-In-First-Out (FIFO)”
Illustration 6A-2
Cost of Goods Sold
Solution on notes page
Ending Inventory
SO 7 Apply the inventory cost flow methods to perpetual inventory records.

56. Cost Flow Methods in Perpetual Systems
“Last-In-First-Out (LIFO)”
Illustration 6A-3
Cost of Goods Sold
Solution on notes page
Ending Inventory
SO 7 Apply the inventory cost flow methods to perpetual inventory records.

57. Cost Flow Methods in Perpetual Systems
“Average Cost” (Moving-Average System)
Illustration 6A-4
Cost of Goods Sold
Ending Inventory
Solution on notes page
SO 7 Apply the inventory cost flow methods to perpetual inventory records.

58. Estimating Inventories
Appendix 6B
Gross Profit Method
The gross profit method estimates the cost of ending inventory by applying a gross profit rate to net sales.
Illustration 6B-1
SO 8 Describe the two methods of estimating inventories.

59. Estimating Inventories
Illustration: Kishwaukee Company’s records for January show net sales of $200,000, beginning inventory $40,000, and cost of goods purchased $120,000. The company expects to earn a 30% gross profit rate. Compute the estimated cost of the ending inventory at January 31 under the gross profit method.
Illustration 6B-2
SO 8 Describe the two methods of estimating inventories.

60. Estimating Inventories
Retail Inventory Method
Company applies the cost-to-retail percentage to ending inventory at retail prices to determine inventory at cost.
Illustration 6B-3
SO 8 Describe the two methods of estimating inventories.

61. Estimating Inventories
Illustration:
Illustration 6B-4
Note that it is not necessary to take a physical inventory to determine the estimated cost of goods on hand at any given time.
SO 8 Describe the two methods of estimating inventories.

62. Copyright
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64. Determining Inventory Quantities
Review Question
Goods in transit should be included in the inventory of the buyer when the:
public carrier accepts the goods from the seller.
goods reach the buyer.
terms of sale are FOB destination.
terms of sale are FOB shipping point.
SO 1 Describe the steps in determining inventory quantities.

65. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Review Question
The cost flow method that often parallels the actual physical flow of merchandise is the:
FIFO method.
LIFO method.
average cost method.
gross profit method.
SO 2 Explain the accounting for inventories and apply the inventory cost flow methods.

66. Inventory Costing – Cost Flow Assumptions
Review Question
In a period of inflation, the cost flow method that results in the lowest income taxes is the:
FIFO method.
LIFO method.
average cost method.
gross profit method.
SO 3 Explain the financial effects of the inventory cost flow assumptions.

67. Review Question Inventory Errors
Understating ending inventory will overstate:
assets.
cost of goods sold.
net income.
owner's equity.
SO 5 Indicate the effects of inventory errors on the financial statements.