1. Chapter 5 Data Manipulation and Transaction Control
Jason C. H. Chen, Ph.D.
Professor of MIS
School of Business
Gonzaga University
Spokane, WA USA

2. Objectives Use the INSERT command to add a record to an existing table
Manage virtual columns in data manipulations
Use quotes in data values
Use a subquery to copy records from an existing table
Use the UPDATE command to modify the existing rows of a table
Use substitution variables with an UPDATE command

3. Objectives (continued)
Delete records
Manage transactions with transaction control commands COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT
Differentiate between a shared lock and an exclusive lock
Use the SELECT…FOR UPDATE command to create a shared lock

4. 1. Run the following script file
Refresh the Database
1. Run the following script file
Start c:\oradata\chapter5\JLDB_Build_5.sql

5. SQL Components ORACLE (SQL Components) DDL DML DCL D.B.
(Create Table structure and insert database)

6. DDL Commands
Used to create and modify the structure of database objects
CREATE
ALTER
DROP
DDL commands execute as soon as they are issued, and do not need to be explicitly saved

7. DML Commands Used to insert, view, and modify database data
UPDATE
DELETE
SELECT
DML commands need to be explicitly saved or rolled back
COMMIT
ROLLBACK
SAVEPOINT

8. DCL Commands
Used to control the privileges and security of database objects
GRANT
REVOKE

9. Security - Granting Table Privileges
Security is the prevention of unauthorized access to the database. Within an organization, the database administrator determines the types of access various users need for the database.
Some users might be able to retrieve and update data in the database. Other users might be able to retrieve any data from the database but not make any changes to it. Still other users might be able to access only a portion of the database.

10. INSERT Command Used to add rows to existing tables
Identify the table in the INSERT INTO clause
Specify data in the VALUES clause
Can only add one row at a time to a table
Enclose nonnumeric data in single quotes
If a column list is not provided, a value must be assigned to each column in the table
Figure Syntax of the INSERT command

11. Re-run a new script file not including acctmanager table
Your Turn …
Re-run a new script file not including acctmanager table
SQL> start c:\oradata\chapter5\JLDB_Build_5.sql
You now are able to
create acctmanager table, and
insert new rows (data value) into the acctmanager table

12. The acctmanaer Table Creation
Amid
Amfirst
Amlast
AmeDate
Amsal
Amcomm
Region
VARCHAR2(4)
VARCHAR2(12)
DATE
NUMBER(8,2)
NUMBER(7,2)
CHAR(2)
CREATE TABLE acctmanager
(amid CHAR(4),
amfirst VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL,
amlast VARCHAR2(12) NOT NULL,
amedate DATE DEFAULT SYSDATE,
amsal NUMBER(8,2),
amcomm NUMBER(7,2) DEFAULT 0,
region CHAR(2),
CONSTRAINT acctmanager_amid_pk PRIMARY KEY (amid),
CONSTRAINT acctmanager_region_ck
CHECK (region IN ('N', 'NW', 'NE', 'S', 'SE', 'SW', 'W', 'E')));
Figure The ACCTMANAGER table creation

13. Inserting New Records Type the following commands:ID
Name
Employment Date
Salary
Commission
Region
T500
Nick Taylor
September 5, 2009
$42,000
$3,500 NE
L500
Mandy Lopez
October 1, 2009
$47,000
$1,500
J500
Sammie Jones
Today
$39,5000
$2,000 NW
Table 5-2 Data for Account Managers
Type the following commands:
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-3; p. 140
INSERT INTO acctmanager
VALUES ('T500', 'NICK', 'TAYLOR', '05-SEP-09', 42000, 3500, 'NE');
SELECT * FROM acctmanager;

14. Inserting New Records (Your Turn …)
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-5; p. 142
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal, amcomm)
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500);
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-9; p. 143
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', ‘DEFAULT’, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
--[ ERROR OCCURS – why?]
--[ (NO ' ')]
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', DEFAULT, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
-- or
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', 39500, 2000, 'NW');
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-10; p. 144

15. INSERT Command Examples
No Column List
Figure The INSERT command for Nick Taylor
Column List
Figure Use an INSERT statement that applies a DEFAULT column option

16. Three Ways Inserting NULL Value
Omit column name from INSERT INTO clause column list
Substitute two single quotation marks
Use NULL keyword
Run script file on SQL PLUS
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-5; p. 142
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal, amcomm)
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500);
INSERT INTO acctmanager
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500, '');
VALUES ('L500', 'MANDY', 'LOPEZ', '01-OCT-09', 47000, 1500, NULL);
NULL value input
NULL value input
Figure The INSERT INTO command for Mandy Lopez

17. Three Ways Inserting “SYSDATE” Value (Note: errors in the text book; p
Insert the current date ‘SYSDATE’ in the Amedate column
Use the keyword ‘DEFAULT’ for the column value in the VALUES clause
Include a column list in the INSERT INTO clause that omits the Amedate column
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-7; 5-8; p. 143
-- note that no ‘ ‘ is required, or, error occurred
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amedate, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', SYSDATE, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
-- or
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', DEFAULT, 39500, 2000, 'NW');
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-9; p. 143
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, amlast, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('J500', 'Sammie', 'Jones', 39500, 2000, 'NW');

18. Handling Virtual Columns
Create an Amearn column as indicated in Fig (also in Fig. 3-2; p The column is called “virtual column” (or derived/computed), which is generated from other column values.
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-10; p. 144
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-11; p. 144
ALTER TABLE acctmanager
ADD (amearn AS (amsal + amcomm));
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-12; p. 145
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;

19. Handling Virtual Columns (cont.)
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-12; p. 145
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;
virtual (derived) column

20. Manage Virtual Column Input
Figure Error caused by using a virtual column in an INSERT statement

21. Handling Single Quotes in an INSERT Value
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-15; p. 146
INSERT INTO acctmanager (amid, amfirst, smlast, amsal, amcomm, region)
VALUES ('M500', 'Peg', 'O'hara', 46000, 2000, 'SW');
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-16; p. 147
VALUES ('M500', 'Peg', 'O''hara', 46000, 2000, 'SW');
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-17; p. 147
SELECT *
FROM acctmanager;

22. Constraint Violations
When you add or modify table data, the data is checked for compliance with any applicable constraints
You should practice all examples (more commands such as UPDATE on p ))

23. Inserting Data from an Existing Table
Substitute subquery for VALUES clause
Note: make sure you have re-run a new script file (i.e., JLDB_Build_5.sql) with acctbonus table created.
Subquery
Figure INSERT INTO command with a subquery
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-20; p. 149
SELECT *
FROM acctbonus;

24. Modifying Existing Rows
Modify rows using UPDATE command
Use UPDATE command to:
Add values to an existing row (replace NULL values)
Change existing values
UPDATE clause identifies table
SET clause identifies column(s) being changed and new value(s)
Optional WHERE clause specifies row(s) to be changed – if omitted, all rows will be updated!

25. UPDATE Command Examples
UPDATE Command Syntax
Figure Syntax of the UPDATE command
UPDATE Command Examples
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-22; p. 151
UPDATE acctmanager
SET amedate = '01-AUG-09'
WHERE amid = 'J500';
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-23; p. 151
SET region = 'W'
WHERE region IN ('NE', 'NW');
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-24; p. 152
UPDATE acctmanager
SET amedate = '10-OCT-09',
region = 'S'
WHERE amid = 'L500';
SELECT * FROM acctmanager;

26. Substitution Variables
Prompts user for value
Identified by ampersand (&) preceding variable name
Can be used to create interactive scripts
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-26; p. 153
UPDATE customers
SET region = 'W'
WHERE state = 'CA';
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-27; p. 154
UPDATE customers
SET region = '&Region'
WHERE state = '&State';

27. Substitution Variable Example
Figure Prompt for substitution variable input

28. Figure 5-28 Verify UPDATE results

29. DELETE command removes a row from a table
Deleting Rows
DELETE command removes a row from a table
WHERE clause determines which row(s) are removed
Figure DELETE command to remove a row from the ACCTMANAGER table

30. DELETE Command – Omitting WHERE Clause
Omitting WHERE clause removes all rows
Example below removes all rows from the acctmanager table
Figure DELETE command without the WHERE clause

31. Transaction Control Statements
Results of data manipulation language (DML) are not permanently updated to a table until explicit or implicit COMMIT occurs
Transaction control statements can:
Commit data through COMMIT command
Undo data changes through ROLLBACK command

32. COMMIT Command
Explicit COMMIT occurs by executing COMMIT;
Implicit COMMIT occurs when DDL command is executed or user properly exits system
Permanently updates table(s) and allows other users to view changes

33. Transaction Control ExampleB C
SAVEPOINT ALEX;
ROLLBACK TO ONE;
UPPLER CASE
Figure Establishing a SAVEPOINT

34. Transaction Control ExampleB C
SAVEPOINT ALEX;
ROLLBACK TO ONE;
Figure Establishing a SAVEPOINT

35. Transaction Control Example (continued)
Figure Database before using ROLLBACK TO ONE;
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-36; p. 161
ROLLBACK TO ONE;
Only undo DML actions after SAVEPOINT
Figure Undo changes to SAVEPOINT ONE

36. Transaction Control Example (continued)
Figure Database before using ROLLBACK
-- chapter 5, Figure 5-38; p. 162
ROLLBACK;
Figure Verify the ROLLBACK results

37. Practice all the examples in the text.
A Script file is available on the Bb (file name: Ch5Queries.sql)
After completing all examples, do the HW.

38. Homework - Hands-On Assignments
me with one attachment
(Oracle_ch5_Spool_Lname_Fname.) to:
with subject title of
Bmis441-01_Oracle_ch45(or Bmis441-02_Oracle_ch5)
Read and Practice all examples on Chapters 5
1. Run the script files (in the folder \oradata\chapter5\): JLDB_Build_5.sql
2. Read Oracle assignment and create a script file Oracle_ch5_Lname_Fname.sql for questions (#1 to #5, #9,#10; p.170) on “Hands-on Assignments”. .
3. Execute and test one problem at a time and make sure they are all running successfully.
4. When you done, spool the script files (see next slide for spooling instructions) and the file (Oracle_ch5_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt) to me by the midnight before the next class.

39. How to Spool your Script and Output Files
After you tested the script file of Oracle_ch5_Lname_Fname.sql successfully, follow the instructions below to spool both script and output files:
Step 0. Run the following script file from SQL*Plus (since you have created JLDB tables)
Start c:\oradata\chapter5\JLDB_Build_5.sql
1. type the following on SQL>
Spool c:\oradata\Oracle_ch5_Spool_Lname_Fname.txt (make sure your name is entered)
2. open Oracle_ch5_Lname_Fname.sql that you already tested
3. copy and paste all the SQL commands (including all comments) to the SQL*PLUS
4. type Spool Off on the SQL>
The output should contain your personal information, all SQL commands and their solution on the .txt file and saved in C: drive (oradata\ folder)
me with the spooled file (.txt) with attachment to:
with subject title of
Bmis441-01_Oracle_ch5 (or Bmis441-02_Oracle_ch5)

40. Summary
Data manipulation language (DML) includes the INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, COMMIT, and ROLLBACK commands
The INSERT INTO command is used to add new rows to an existing table
The column list specified in the INSERT INTO clause must match the order of data entered in the VALUES clause
A virtual column must be ignored in all DML actions because the database system generates this column value automatically
You can use a NULL value in an INSERT INTO command by including the keyword NULL, omitting the column from the column list of the INSERT INTO clause, or entering two single quotes (without a space) in the position of the NULL value

41. Summary (continued)
To assign a DEFAULT option value, a column must be excluded from the column list in an INSERT statement or the keyword DEFAULT must be included as the value for the column
In a DML statement, two single quotes together must be used to represent a single quote in a value
If rows are copied from a table and entered in an existing table by using a subquery in the INSERT INTO command, the VALUES clause must be omitted because it’s irrelevant
You can change the contents of a row or group of rows with the UPDATE command
You can use substitution variables to allow you to execute the same command several times with different data values

42. Summary (continued)
DML operations aren’t stored permanently in a table until a COMMIT command is issued implicitly or explicitly
A transaction consists of a set of DML operations committed as a block
Uncommitted DML operations can be undone by issuing the ROLLBACK command
A SAVEPOINT serves as a marker for a point in a transaction and allows rolling back only a portion of the transaction
Use the DELETE command to remove records from a table; if the WHERE clause is omitted, all rows in the table are deleted
Table locks can be used to prevent users from mistakenly overwriting changes made by other users

43. Summary (continued) Table locks can be in SHARE mode or EXCLUSIVE mode
EXCLUSIVE mode is the most restrictive table lock and prevents any other user from placing any locks on the same table
A lock is released when a transaction control statement is issued, a DDL statement is executed, or the user exits the system by using the EXIT command
SHARE mode allows other users to place shared locks on other portions of the table, but it prevents users from placing an exclusive lock on the table
The SELECT FOR UPDATE command can be used to place a shared lock for a specific row or rows; the lock isn’t released unless a DDL command is issued or the user exits the system

44. End of Chapter 5