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2. Standardized Test Prep
Resources
Chapter Presentation
Visual Concepts
Transparencies
Standardized Test Prep

3. Chapter 5 Table of Contents Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Chapter 5
Table of Contents
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Section 3 Cellular Respiration

4. Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Objectives
Analyze the flow of energy through living systems.
Compare the metabolism of autotrophs with that of heterotrophs.
Describe the role of ATP in metabolism.
Describe how energy is released from ATP.

5. Energy in Living Systems
Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Energy in Living Systems
Directly or indirectly, almost all of the energy in living systems needed for metabolism comes from the sun.

6. Energy in Living Systems, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Energy in Living Systems, continued
Building Molecules That Store Energy
Metabolism involves either using energy to build molecules or breaking down molecules in which energy is stored.
Photosynthesis is the process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy.
Organisms that use energy from sunlight or from chemical bonds in inorganic substances to make organic compounds are called autotrophs.

7. Energy in Living Systems, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Energy in Living Systems, continued
Breaking Down Food for Energy
The chemical energy in organic compounds can be transferred to other organic compounds or to organisms that consume food.
Organisms that must get energy from food instead of directly from sunlight or inorganic substances are called Heterotrophs.
Cellular respiration is a metabolic process similar to burning fuel.

8. Comparing Autotrophs and Heterotrophs
Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Comparing Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

9. Energy in Living Systems, continued
Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Energy in Living Systems, continued
Transfer of Energy to ATP
When cells break down food molecules, some of the energy in the molecules is released as heat. Much of the remaining energy is stored temporarily in molecules of ATP.
Like money, ATP is a portable form of energy “currency” inside cells. ATP delivers energy wherever energy is needed in a cell.

10. Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Breakdown of Starch

11. Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
ATP
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) is a nucleotide with two extra energy-storing phosphate groups.
Energy is released when the bonds that hold the phosphate groups together are broken.
The removal of a phosphate group from ATP produces adenosine diphosphate, or ADP:
H2O + ATP  ADP + P + energy

12. Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
ATP Releases Energy

13. Chapter 5
Section 1 Energy and Living Things
Comparing ADP with ATP

14. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Objectives
Summarize how energy is captured from sunlight in the first stage of photosynthesis.
Analyze the function of electron transport chains in the second stage of photosynthesis.
Relate the Calvin cycle to carbon dioxide fixation in the third stage of photosynthesis.
Identify three environmental factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.

15. Using the Energy in Sunlight
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Using the Energy in Sunlight
The Stages of Photosynthesis
Stage 1 Energy is captured from sunlight.
Stage 2 Light energy is converted to chemical energy, which is temporarily stored in ATP and the energy carrier molecule NADPH.
Stage 3 The chemical energy stored in ATP and NADPH powers the formation of organic compounds, using carbon dioxide, CO2.

16. Using the Energy in Sunlight
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Using the Energy in Sunlight
The Stages of Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis can be summarized by the following equation:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide water sugars oxygen gas

17. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

18. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

19. Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy
Sunlight contains a mixture of all the wavelengths (colors) of visible light. When sunlight passes through a prism, the prism separates the light into different colors.

20. Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Pigments
How does a human eye or a leaf absorb light? These structures contain light-absorbing substances called pigments.
Chlorophyll the primary pigment involved in photosynthesis, absorbs mostly blue and red light and reflects green and yellow light.
Plants contain two types of chlorophyll, chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b.

21. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Chlorophyll a and b

22. Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Pigments
The pigments that produce yellow and orange fall leaf colors, as well as the colors of many fruits, vegetables, and flowers, are called carotenoids.
Carotenoids absorb wavelengths of light different from those absorbed by chlorophyll, so having both pigments enables plants to absorb more light energy during photosynthesis.

23. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Carotenoid

24. Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Spectrum of Light and Plant Pigments

25. Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigments
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Absorption Spectra of Photosynthetic Pigments

26. Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Production of Oxygen
Clusters of pigments are embedded in the membranes of disk-shaped structures called thylakoids.
When light strikes a thylakoid in a chloroplast, energy is transferred to electrons in chlorophyll.
This energy transfer causes the electrons to jump to a higher energy level. This is how plants first capture energy from sunlight.

27. Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage One: Absorption of Light Energy, continued
Production of Oxygen
The excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules must be replaced by other electrons.
Plants get these replacement electrons from water molecules, which are split by thylakoid.
The oxygen atoms, O, from the disassembled water molecules combine to form oxygen gas, O2.

28. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Chloroplast

29. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Parts of a Chloroplast

30. Stage Two: Conversion of Light Energy
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage Two: Conversion of Light Energy
Excited electrons that leave chlorophyll molecules are used to produce new molecules that temporarily store chemical energy.
First an excited electron jumps to a nearby molecule in the thylakoid membrane. Then the electron is passed through a series of molecules along the thylakoid membrane.
The series of molecules through which excited electrons are passed along a thylakoid membrane are called electron transport chains.

31. Stage Two: Conversion of Light Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage Two: Conversion of Light Energy, continued
Electron Transport Chains
While one electron transport chain provides energy used to make ATP, a second electron transport chain provides energy used to make NADPH.
NADPH is an electron carrier that provides the high-energy electrons needed to make carbon-hydrogen bonds in the third stage of photosynthesis.
In this second chain, excited electrons combine with hydrogen ions as well as an electron acceptor called NADP+, forming NADPH.

32. Electron Transport Chains of Photosynthesis
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Electron Transport Chains of Photosynthesis

33. Electron Transport Train
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Electron Transport Train

34. Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Converting Light Energy to Chemical Energy

35. Stage Three: Storage of Energy
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage Three: Storage of Energy
In the third (final) stage of photosynthesis, carbon atoms from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere are used to make organic compounds in which chemical energy is stored.
The transfer of carbon dioxide to organic compounds is called carbon dioxide fixation.

36. Stage Three: Storage of Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage Three: Storage of Energy, continued
Calvin Cycle
The Calvin cycle is a series of enzyme-assisted chemical reactions that produces a three-carbon sugar:
Step 1 Each molecule of carbon dioxide is added to a five-carbon compound by an enzyme.
Step 2 The resulting compound splits into two three-carbon compounds. Phosphate groups and electrons are added to the compounds.
Step 3 One of the resulting three-carbon sugars is used to make organic energy-storing compounds.
Step 4 The other three-carbon sugars are used to regenerate the initial five-carbon compound, thereby completing the cycle.

37. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle

38. Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Calvin Cycle

39. Stage Three: Storage of Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Stage Three: Storage of Energy, continued
Factors that Affect Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is directly affected by various environmental factors.
In general, the rate of photosynthesis increases as light intensity increases until all the pigments are being used.
Photosynthesis is most efficient within a certain range of temperatures.

40. Environmental Influences on Photosynthesis
Chapter 5
Section 2 Photosynthesis
Environmental Influences on Photosynthesis

41. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Objectives
Summarize how glucose is broken down in the first stage of cellular respiration.
Describe how ATP is made in the second stage of cellular respiration.
Identify the role of fermentation in the second stage of cellular respiration.
Evaluate the importance of oxygen in aerobic respiration.

42. Chapter 5 Cellular Energy
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy
Oxygen in the air you breathe makes the production of ATP more efficient, although some ATP is made without oxygen.
Metabolic processes that require oxygen are called aerobic.
Metabolic processes that do not require oxygen are called anaerobic, which means “without air.

43. Cellular Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy, continued
The Stages of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration is the process cells use to harvest the energy in organic compounds, particularly glucose. The breakdown of glucose during cellular respiration can be summarized by the following equation:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O + energy
glucose oxygen gas carbon dioxide water ATP

44. Cellular Energy, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Energy, continued
The Stages of Cellular Respiration
Cellular respiration occurs in two stages:
Stage 1 Glucose is converted to pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH.
Stage 2 When oxygen is present, pyruvate and NADH are used to make a large amount of ATP. When oxygen is not present, pyruvate is converted to either lactate or ethanol and carbon dioxide.

45. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

46. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

47. Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose
Glycolysis
In the first stage of cellular respiration, glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm during a process called glycolysis.
As glucose is broken down, some of its hydrogen atoms are transferred to an electron acceptor called NAD+. This forms an electron carrier called NADH.

48. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
NAD+ and NADH

49. Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Stage One: Breakdown of Glucose, continued
Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in four steps:
Step 1 Phosphate groups from two ATP molecules are transferred to a glucose molecule.
Step 2 The resulting six-carbon compound is broken down to two three-carbon compounds.
Step 3 Two NADH molecules are produced, and each compound gains one more phosphate group.
Step 4 Each three-carbon compound is converted to a three-carbon pyruvate, producing four ATP molecules in the process.

50. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis

51. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis

52. Stage Two: Production of ATP
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Stage Two: Production of ATP
When oxygen is present, pyruvate produced during glycolysis enters a mitochondrion and is converted to a two-carbon compound.
This reaction produces one carbon dioxide molecule, one NADH molecule, and one two-carbon acetyl group.
The acetyl group is attached to a molecule called coenzyme A (CoA), forming a compound called acetyl-CoA.

53. Stage Two: Production of ATP, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Stage Two: Production of ATP, continued
Krebs Cycle
Acetyl-CoA enters a series of enzyme-assisted reactions called the Krebs cycle, which follows five steps:
Step 1 Acetyl-CoA combines with a four-carbon compound, forming a six-carbon compound and releasing coenzyme A.
Step 2 Carbon dioxide is released from the six-carbon compound, forming a five-carbon compound. Electrons are transferred to NAD+, making a molecule of NADH.

54. Stage Two: Production of ATP, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Stage Two: Production of ATP, continued
Krebs Cycle
Step 3 Carbon dioxide is released from the compound. A molecule of ATP and a molecule of NADH are made.
Step 4 The existing four-carbon compound is converted to a new four-carbon compound. Electrons are transferred to an electron acceptor called FAD, making a molecule of FADH2, another type of electron carrier.
Step 5 The new four-carbon compound is then converted to the four-carbon compound that began the cycle. Another molecule of NADH is produced.

55. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle

56. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Krebs Cycle

57. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
FAD and FADH2

58. Stage Two: Production of ATP, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Stage Two: Production of ATP, continued
Electron Transport Train
In aerobic respiration, electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 pass through an electron transport chain.
In eukaryotic cells, the electron transport chain is located in the inner membranes of mitochondria.
At the end of the electron transport chain, hydrogen ions and spent electrons combine with oxygen molecules forming water molecules.

59. Electron Transport Chain of Aerobic Respiration
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Electron Transport Chain of Aerobic Respiration

60. Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen
When oxygen is not present, NAD+ is recycled in another way. Under anaerobic conditions, electrons carried by NADH are transferred to pyruvate produced during glycolysis.
This process recycles NAD+ needed to continue making ATP through glycolysis.
The recycling of NAD+ using an organic hydrogen acceptor is called fermentation.

61. Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Fermentation

62. Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Lactic Acid Fermentation
In some organisms, a three-carbon pyruvate is converted to a three-carbon lactate through lactic acid fermentation.
Fermentation enables glycolysis to continue producing ATP in muscles as long as the glucose supply lasts.

63. Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Alcoholic Fermentation
In some organisms, the three-carbon pyruvate is broken down to ethanol (ethyl alcohol), a two-carbon compound, through alcoholic fermentation.
As in lactic acid fermentation, NAD+ is recycled, and glycolysis can continue to produce ATP.

64. Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Lactic Acid and Alcoholic Fermentation
When oxygen is not present, cells recycle NAD+ through fermentation.

65. Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Respiration in the Absence of Oxygen, continued
Production of ATP
When oxygen is present, aerobic respiration occurs to produce ATP. When oxygen is not present, fermentation occurs instead.

66. Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration Versus Fermentation

67. Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
Chapter 5
Section 3 Cellular Respiration
Comparing Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

68. Chapter 5 Multiple Choice
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
The chart below shows data on photosynthesis in one type of plant. Use the chart to answer questions 1–3.

69. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Which statement is supported by the data?
A. Photosynthesis does not occur at 0°C.
B. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis is approximately 46°C.
C. The rate of photosynthesis at 40°C is greater than the rate at 20°C.
D. The rate of photosynthesis increases as temperature increases from 25°C to 30°C.

70. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
Which statement is supported by the data?
A. Photosynthesis does not occur at 0°C.
B. The optimum temperature for photosynthesis is approximately 46°C.
C. The rate of photosynthesis at 40°C is greater than the rate at 20°C.
D. The rate of photosynthesis increases as temperature increases from 25°C to 30°C.

71. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. At approximately what temperature is the plant producing oxygen at the greatest rate?
F. 0°C
G. 23°C
H. 46°C
J. 50°C

72. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. At approximately what temperature is the plant producing oxygen at the greatest rate?
F. 0°C
G. 23°C
H. 46°C
J. 50°C

73. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Data obtained from a different type of plant show a similar relationship between rate of photosynthesis and temperature, but the curve is shifted to the right. What environment would this plant be best adapted to?
A. Cold subarctic environment
B. Cool, wet environment
C. Mild, dry environment
D. Hot equatorial environment

74. Multiple Choice, continued
Chapter 5
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Data obtained from a different type of plant show a similar relationship between rate of photosynthesis and temperature, but the curve is shifted to the right. What environment would this plant be best adapted to?
A. Cold subarctic environment
B. Cool, wet environment
C. Mild, dry environment
D. Hot equatorial environment