2. GROWTH OF THE EU

3. Admission of Romania and Bulgaria 2007 Major debates about Turkey Croatia and Macedonia 2013

4. What Does it Take to qualify for Membership in the EU: 1. The candidate country has achieved stability of institutions guaranteeing democracy, the rule of law, human rights and respect for and protection of minorities. 2. The candidate country has the existence of a functioning market economy, as well as the capacity to cope with competitive pressure and market forces within the Union. 3. The candidate country has the ability to take on the obligations of membership, including adherence to the aims of political, economic and monetary union.

5. THE EURO The euro – Europe's new single currency - represents the consolidation and culmination of European economic integration. Its introduction on January 1, 1999, marked the final phase of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), a three-stage process that was launched in 1990 as EU member states prepared for the 1992 single market.

6. The EURO Early 1990’s 1990: Aimed at boosting cross-border business activity, the first stage of EMU lifted restrictions on movements of capital across internal EU borders. 1994: The European Monetary Institute was established in Frankfurt to pave the way for the European Central Bank.

7. 1999: the Euro was introduced as the single currency for eleven EU member states: Austria, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain. 1999-2002: The Euro and the previous national currencies were concurrently used in participating states.

8. The EURO 1999-Present 2002: The participating countries had their previous national currencies withdrawn permanently as legal tender. EU member states not yet using the Euro as currency: Denmark, Greece, Sweden, United Kingdom

9. The Eurozone Coins and banknotes 1 st used Jan 1, 2002 Cyprus joined in 2008 Slovakia to join in 2009 Estonia joined in 2010 Sweden is technically obliged to join but the EU has made public that they will not enforce this with regard to Sweden Britain and Denmark have a “derogation” releasing them from having to join

11. What about Switzerland? Swiss are traditionally suspicious of other countries Swiss tradition of neutrality (WWI & WWII) – self-imposed – permanent – armed In some ways Switzerland is like the US – Nationalistic government not interested in ceding sovereignty – Economic policies are currently designed to protect local industries (esp. agriculture) from foreign competition

12. Initial cost of joining EU (progressive financial redistribution policy would cost the Swiss) Switzerland has embarked on a policy of building bilateral agreements with the EU rather than joining outright

13. Costs of staying out Export problems – Access to EU markets is not guaranteed Inflation problems – Europeans nervous about the Euro due to expansion of the EU invest in Swiss Francs, inflating the value of the currency and inhibiting Swiss exports

14. Capital flight High construction costs, expensive labor, and skill shortages already make investment in Switzerland unattractive Several multinational corporations, such as Roche, Sulzer and Alusuisse, have frozen planned investment projects in Switzerland Large Swiss companies, including Nestle, are shifting activities out of Switzerland in fear of discrimination by other nations Already four out of five employees of the top 15 Swiss companies work in other countries

15. Scientific information lag EU scientific exchange programs accept Swiss citizens only if they fail to fill such exchanges with persons from EU countries Accumulated bilateral agreements and cooperation may create de-facto incorporation in the EU for Switzerland