1. 9- 1 Chapter Nine McGraw-Hill/Irwin © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved.

2. 9- 2 Chapter Nine Estimation and Confidence Intervals GOALS When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: ONE Define what is meant by a point estimate. TWO Define the term level of confidence. THREE Construct a confidence interval for the population mean when the population standard deviation is known. FOUR Construct a confidence interval for the population mean when the population standard deviation is unknown. Goals

3. 9- 3 Chapter Nine continued Estimation and Confidence Intervals GOALS When you have completed this chapter, you will be able to: FIVE Construct a confidence interval for the population proportion. SIX Determine the sample size for attribute and variable sampling. Goals

4. 9- 4 Point and Interval Estimates A confidence interval is a range of values within which the population parameter is expected to occur. The two confidence intervals that are used extensively are the 95% and the 99%. An Interval Estimate states the range within which a population parameter probably lies. A point estimate is a single value (statistic) used to estimate a population value (parameter).

5. 9- 5 Factors that determine the width of a confidence interval Point and Interval Estimates The sample size, n The variability in the population, usually estimated by s The desired level of confidence

6. 9- 6 Interval Estimates For the 99% confidence interval, 99% of the sample means for a specified sample size will lie within 2.58 standard deviations of the hypothesized population mean. 95% of the sample means for a specified sample size will lie within 1.96 standard deviations of the hypothesized population mean. For a 95% confidence interval about 95% of the similarly constructed intervals will contain the parameter being estimated.

7. 9- 7 Standard Error of the Sample Means the standard deviation of the population Standard Error of the Sample Mean Standard deviation of the sampling distribution of the sample means symbol for the standard error of the sample mean n is the size of the sample

8. 9- 8 Standard Error of the Sample Means If  is not known and n >30, the standard deviation of the sample, s, is used to approximate the population standard deviation. The standard error If the population standard deviation  is known or the sample is greater than 30 we use the z distribution.

9. 9- 9 Constructing General Confidence Intervals for µ Confidence interval for the mean 95% CI for the population mean 99% CI for the population mean

10. 9- 10 Example 3 The value of the population mean is not known. Our best estimate of this value is the sample mean of 24.0 hours. This value is called a point estimate. The Dean of the Business School wants to estimate the mean number of hours worked per week by students. A sample of 49 students showed a mean of 24 hours with a standard deviation of 4 hours. What is the population mean?

11. 9- 11 The confidence limits range from 22.88 to 25.12. 95 percent confidence interval for the population mean There is a 95% chance the true but unknown population mean lies within the constructed interval.

12. 9- 12 Point and Interval Estimates The value of t for a given confidence level depends upon its degrees of freedom. If the population standard deviation is unknown, the underlying population is approximately normal, and the sample size is less than 30 we use the t distribution.

13. 9- 13 Characteristics of the t distribution It is a continuous distribution. It is bell-shaped and symmetrical. There is a family of t distributions. The t distribution is more spread out and flatter at the center than is the standard normal distribution, differences that diminish as n increases. Point and Interval Estimates Assumption: the population is normal or nearly normal

14. 9- 14 Confidence Interval for a Population Proportion The confidence interval for a population proportion

15. 9- 15 Example 4 A sample of 500 executives who own their own home revealed 175 planned to sell their homes and retire to Arizona. Develop a 98% confidence interval for the proportion of executives that plan to sell and move to Arizona.

16. 9- 16 Finite-Population Correction Factor fixed upper bound Finite population Adjust the standard errors of the sample means and the proportion N - total number of objects n - sample size Finite-Population Correction Factor

17. 9- 17 Finite-Population Correction Factor Ignore finite-population correction factor if n/N <.05. Standard error of the sample proportions

18. 9- 18 EXAMPLE 4 revisited n/N = 49/500 =.098 >.05 95% confidence interval for the mean number of hours worked per week by the students if there are only 500 students on campus Use finite population correction factor

19. 9- 19 Selecting a Sample Size The variability in the population being studied. 3 factors that determine the size of a sample The level of confidence desired The margin of error the researcher will tolerate.

20. 9- 20 Selecting a Sample Size Calculating the sample size where n is the size of the sample E is the allowable error z the z- value corresponding to the selected level of confidence s the sample deviation of the pilot survey

21. 9- 21 Example 6 A consumer group would like to estimate the mean monthly electricity charge for a single family house in July within $5 using a 99 percent level of confidence. Based on similar studies the standard deviation is estimated to be $20.00. How large a sample is required?

22. 9- 22 Sample Size for Proportions The formula for determining the sample size in the case of a proportion is p is the estimated proportion, based on past experience or a pilot survey z is the z value associated with the degree of confidence selected E is the maximum allowable error the researcher will tolerate where

23. 9- 23 Example 7 The American Kennel Club wanted to estimate the proportion of children that have a dog as a pet. If the club wanted the estimate to be within 3% of the population proportion, how many children would they need to contact? Assume a 95% level of confidence and that the club estimated that 30% of the children have a dog as a pet.

24. 9- 24 What happens when the population has less members than the sample size calculated requires? Step One : Calculate the sample size as before. n = n o noNnoN 1 + where n o is the sample size calculated in step one. Optional method, not covered in text: Sample Size for Small Populations Step Two : Calculate the new sample size.

25. 9- 25 An auditor wishes to survey employees in an organization to determine compliance with federal regulations. The auditor estimates that 80% of the employees would say that the organization is in compliance. The organization has 200 employees. The auditor wishes to be 95% confident in the results, with a margin of error no greater than 3%. How many employees should the auditor survey? Example 8 Optional

26. 9- 26 Step One Calculate the sample size as before. = (.80)(.20) 1.96.03 2 = 683 Step Two Calculate the new sample size. n = n o noNnoN 1 + = 683 1 + 683 200 = 155 Example 8 continued