1. Cell Division and Mitosis Chapter 8

2. 11/19-11/21 Complete photo graph Complete photo graph Review for exam Review for exam Essay question topics Essay question topics Begin cell repro Ppoint Begin cell repro Ppoint Not an old persons disease case study Not an old persons disease case study Cell Energy Exam on Friday Cell Energy Exam on Friday

3. Review Topics Photo vs Cellular resp. (location, products) Photo vs Cellular resp. (location, products) Heat lost Heat lost Define Respiration vs Cellular resp Define Respiration vs Cellular resp Equation Equation What actually “carries” the energy? What actually “carries” the energy? Stages in order Stages in order What is oxidative Phosphorylation? What is oxidative Phosphorylation?

4. Locations of stages Locations of stages Oxygen or no oxygen Oxygen or no oxygen Net gains Net gains pH at the end pH at the end What makes your muscles sore? What makes your muscles sore? What if your Mito’s couldn’t complete the process? What if your Mito’s couldn’t complete the process?

5. Essay 1 Essay 1 Making energy at different time frames. Making energy at different time frames. Essay 2 Essay 2 Heterotroph, Autotroph, Aerobic, Anaerobic, Eukaryote,Prokaryote Heterotroph, Autotroph, Aerobic, Anaerobic, Eukaryote,Prokaryote

6. HOMEWORK 12/2Pre/post,Read pages 126-129 12/2Pre/post,Read pages 126-129

7. Math moments If you made $ 30,000 per hour, what would you make in a day? If you made $ 30,000 per hour, what would you make in a day? If you were given $ 8.00 per year from the year you were born what would you have now? What would you have when you are 75 years old? If you were given $ 8.00 per year from the year you were born what would you have now? What would you have when you are 75 years old?

8. Science Moments If you lost 30,000 skin cells per hour, what would you lose in a day? If you lost 30,000 skin cells per hour, what would you lose in a day? If you lost 8.00 lbs. of skin per year from the year you were born how many lbs. would you have lost by now? How much would you have lost when you are 75 years old? If you lost 8.00 lbs. of skin per year from the year you were born how many lbs. would you have lost by now? How much would you have lost when you are 75 years old?

9. Like Begets Like….

10. Buzz Words Genes Genes Chromosomes Chromosomes Asexual Asexual Sexual Sexual Generation Generation Cell division Cell division Reproduction Reproduction

11. Why is it necessary for cells to divide? DNA overload DNA overload To improve material exchange To improve material exchange Surface area to volume Surface area to volume

12. Cell Size Surface Area (length x width x 6) Volume (length x width x height) Ratio of Surface Area to Volume Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in Cells Section 10-1

13. Understanding Cell Division What instructions are necessary for inheritance? What instructions are necessary for inheritance? How are those instructions duplicated for distribution into daughter cells? How are those instructions duplicated for distribution into daughter cells? By what mechanisms are instructions parceled out to daughter cells? By what mechanisms are instructions parceled out to daughter cells?

14. Reproduction Parents produce a new generation of cells or multicelled individuals like themselves Parents produce a new generation of cells or multicelled individuals like themselves Parents must provide daughter cells with hereditary instructions, encoded in DNA, and enough metabolic machinery to start up their own operation Parents must provide daughter cells with hereditary instructions, encoded in DNA, and enough metabolic machinery to start up their own operation Like begets like.. Like begets like..

15. Division Mechanisms Eukaryotic organisms Mitosis Mitosis Meiosis Meiosis Prokaryotic organisms Prokaryotic fission (Binary fission) Prokaryotic fission (Binary fission)

16. Roles of Mitosis Multicelled organisms Multicelled organisms Growth Growth Cell replacement Cell replacement Some protistans, fungi, plants, animals Some protistans, fungi, plants, animals Asexual reproduction EXPLAIN!!! Asexual reproduction EXPLAIN!!!

17. Chromosome A DNA molecule & attached proteins A DNA molecule & attached proteins Duplicated in preparation for mitosis Duplicated in preparation for mitosis When the chromosomes are just a mass of fibers it is called a Chromatin When the chromosomes are just a mass of fibers it is called a Chromatin one chromosome (unduplicated) one chromosome (duplicated)

18. Chromosome Number Sum total of chromosomes in a cell Sum total of chromosomes in a cell Somatic cells Somatic cells Chromosome number is diploid (2n) Chromosome number is diploid (2n) Two of each type of chromosome Two of each type of chromosome Gametes Gametes Chromosome number is haploid (n) Chromosome number is haploid (n) One of each chromosome type One of each chromosome type

19. Human Chromosome Number Diploid chromosome number (n) = 46 Diploid chromosome number (n) = 46 Two sets of 23 chromosomes each Two sets of 23 chromosomes each One set from father One set from father One set from mother One set from mother Mitosis produces cells with 46 chromosomes--two of each type Mitosis produces cells with 46 chromosomes--two of each type

20. Lots of DNA Stretched out, the DNA from one human somatic cell would be more than two meters long Stretched out, the DNA from one human somatic cell would be more than two meters long A single line of DNA from a salamander cell would extend for ten meters A single line of DNA from a salamander cell would extend for ten meters

21. Organization of Chromosomes DNA and proteins arranged as cylindrical fiber DNA histone one nucleosome

22. Cell Cycle Cycle starts when a new cell forms Cycle starts when a new cell forms During cycle, cell increases in mass and duplicates its chromosomes During cycle, cell increases in mass and duplicates its chromosomes Cycle ends when the new cell divides Cycle ends when the new cell divides

23. Fig. 8.4, p. 130

24. Interphase Interphase Usually longest part of the cycle Usually longest part of the cycle Cell increases in mass Cell increases in mass Number of cytoplasmic components doubles Number of cytoplasmic components doubles DNA is duplicated DNA is duplicated

25. Stages of Interphase G1 G1 Interval or gap after cell division Interval or gap after cell division S Time of DNA synthesis (replication) Time of DNA synthesis (replication) G2 G2 Interval or gap after DNA replication Interval or gap after DNA replication

26. Control of the Cycle Once S begins, the cycle automatically runs through G2 and mitosis Once S begins, the cycle automatically runs through G2 and mitosis The cycle has a built-in molecular brake in G1 The cycle has a built-in molecular brake in G1 Cancer involves a loss of control over the cycle, malfunction of the “brakes” Cancer involves a loss of control over the cycle, malfunction of the “brakes”

27. Stopping the Cycle Some cells normally stop in interphase Some cells normally stop in interphase Neurons in human brain Neurons in human brain Arrested cells do not divide Arrested cells do not divide Adverse conditions can stop cycle Adverse conditions can stop cycle Nutrient-deprived amoebas get stuck in interphase Nutrient-deprived amoebas get stuck in interphase

28. Cell Cycle Regulators Cyclin (protein) regulate the timing of the cell cycle Cyclin (protein) regulate the timing of the cell cycle Cancer cells do not respond to these “signals” Cancer cells do not respond to these “signals” This results in masses called tumors This results in masses called tumors

29. A sample of cytoplasm is removed from a cell in mitosis. The sample is injected into a second cell in G 2 of interphase. As a result, the second cell enters mitosis. Effect of Cyclins

31. Skin Cancer Asymmetrical, Borders, Color, Diameter, Elevation

33. Essay Question 1 Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Pay extra attention to crossing over, number of daughter cells and chromosome number. Based on your comparison, explain how these two processes play an important role in reproduction and evolution. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. Pay extra attention to crossing over, number of daughter cells and chromosome number. Based on your comparison, explain how these two processes play an important role in reproduction and evolution. List and describe the main events of the cell cycle. List and describe the main events of the cell cycle.

34. Mitosis Period of nuclear division Period of nuclear division Usually followed by cytoplasmic division Usually followed by cytoplasmic division Four stages: Four stages:ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

35. nucleus plasma membrane pair of centrioles chromosomes nuclear envelope CELL AT INTERPHASEEARLY PROPHASELATE PROPHASE TRANSITION TO METAPASE Fig. 8.7a, p. 132 The cell duplicates its DNA, prepares for nuclear division Mitosis begins. The DNA and its associated proteins have started to condense. The two chromosomes color-coded purple were inherited from the female parent. The other two (blue) are their counterparts., inherited from the male parent. Chromosomes continue to condense. New microtubules become assembled. They move one of the two pairs of centrioles to the opposite end of the cell. The nuclear envelope starts to break up. Now microtubules penentrate the nuclear region. Collectively, they form a bipolar spindle apparatus. Many of the spindle microtubules become attatched to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome. MITOSIS

36. METAPHASEANAPHASETELOPHASE INTERPHASE Fig. 8.7b, p. 133 All chromosomes have become lined up at the spindle equator. At this stage of mitosis (and of the cell cycle), they are most tightly condensed Attachments between the two sister chromatids of each chromosome break. The two are separate chromosomes, which microtubules move to opposite spindle pores. There are two clusters of chromosomes, which decondense. Patches of new membrane fuse to form a new nuclear envelope. Mitosis is completed. Now there are two daughter cells. Each is diploid; its nucleus has two of each type of chromosome, just like the parent cell.

37. Longest Phase

39. The Spindle Apparatus The Spindle Apparatus Consists of two distinct sets of microtubules Consists of two distinct sets of microtubules Each set extends from one of the cell poles Each set extends from one of the cell poles Two sets overlap at spindle equator Two sets overlap at spindle equator Moves chromosomes during mitosis Moves chromosomes during mitosis

40. Spindle Apparatus one spindle pole one of the condensed chromosomes spindle equator microtubules organized as a spindle apparatus one spindle pole

41. Stages of Mitosis Prophase ProphaseMetaphaseAnaphaseTelophase

42. Early Prophase - Mitosis Begins Duplicated chromosomes begin to condense

43. Late Prophase Late Prophase New microtubules are assembled New microtubules are assembled One centriole pair is moved toward opposite pole of spindle One centriole pair is moved toward opposite pole of spindle Nuclear envelope starts to break up Nuclear envelope starts to break up

44. Transition to Metaphase Spindle forms Spindle microtubules become attached to the two sister chromatids of each chromosome

45. Metaphase All chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator All chromosomes are lined up at the spindle equator Chromosomes are maximally condensed Chromosomes are maximally condensed

46. Anaphase Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart Sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart Once separated, each chromatid is a chromosome Once separated, each chromatid is a chromosome

47. Telophase Chromosomes decondense Chromosomes decondense Two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of unduplicated chromosomes Two nuclear membranes form, one around each set of unduplicated chromosomes

48. Results of Mitosis Two daughter nuclei Two daughter nuclei Each with same chromosome number as parent cell Each with same chromosome number as parent cell Chromosomes in unduplicated form Chromosomes in unduplicated form

49. Metaphase Prophase

50. Interphase

51. Anaphase

52. Telophase

53. Cytoplasmic Division Usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase Usually occurs between late anaphase and end of telophase Two mechanisms Two mechanisms Cell plate formation (plants) Cell plate formation (plants) Cleavage (animals) Cleavage (animals)

54. Cytokinesis

55. Cell Plate Formation Cell Plate Formation

56. Animal Cell Division

57. Essay Question #2 Describe how cancer cells are different from other cells and how they form. Based on these differences, explain why cancer is so difficult to cure and explain how tumors form. Describe how cancer cells are different from other cells and how they form. Based on these differences, explain why cancer is so difficult to cure and explain how tumors form.

58. Essay question 3 You have been introduced to a variety of abnormalities found in the human based on the number and location of chromosomes. Choose one of these” syndromes” and illustrate its karyotype. In addition, explain in detail the genetic condition as well as the biological features affected by it. You have been introduced to a variety of abnormalities found in the human based on the number and location of chromosomes. Choose one of these” syndromes” and illustrate its karyotype. In addition, explain in detail the genetic condition as well as the biological features affected by it.

59. There is a single bacterium in a bottle at 11:00 pm, and it is a type that doubles once every minute. The bottle will be completely full of bacteria at 12:00 midnight - exactly one hour. In your opinion, what percentage of the bottle will be full when the bottle starts to look full? For what amount of time between 11:00 and 12:00 would they have plenty of room to grow and spread out? If you were a lab researcher, in the lab, at what time between 1:00 and midnight might you look at the bottle and think, "I'd better get a bigger container for those bacteria!"

60. Culturing Cells Growing cells in culture allows researchers to investigate processes and test treatments without danger to patients Growing cells in culture allows researchers to investigate processes and test treatments without danger to patients Most cells cannot be grown in culture Most cells cannot be grown in culture

62. HeLa Cells Line of human cancer cells that can be grown in culture Line of human cancer cells that can be grown in culture Descendents of tumor cells from a woman named Henrietta Lacks Descendents of tumor cells from a woman named Henrietta Lacks Lacks died at 31, but her cells continue to live and divide in labs around the world Lacks died at 31, but her cells continue to live and divide in labs around the world

63. Regulating the Cell Cycle

65. Pre-Natal Tests - help to determine if an at risk baby is healthy

66. Sex chromosomes Human Karyotype

67. Sex Chromosomes

69. Female with Turner Syndrome (XO)

70. Klinefelder Syndrome

71. Klinefelter’s Syndrome 47, XXY

72. Klinefelter Syndrome (XXY)

73. Down Syndrome (trisomy 21), 47,XY,+21. 47: the total number of chromosomes (46 is normal). XY: the sex chromosomes (male). +21: designates the extra chromosome as a 21.

74. Down Syndrome

75. Gene Therapy - an absent or faulty gene is replaced by a working gene Has not been very successful

76. Normal hemoglobin gene Bone marrow cell Chromosomes Genetically engineered virus Nucleus Bone marrow Figure 14-21 Gene Therapy

77. Cloning

78. A donor cell is taken from a sheep’s udder. Donor Nucleus These two cells are fused using an electric shock. Fused Cell The fused cell begins dividing normally. Embryo The embryo is placed in the uterus of a foster mother. Foster Mother The embryo develops normally into a lamb—Dolly Cloned Lamb Egg Cell An egg cell is taken from an adult female sheep. The nucleus of the egg cell is removed. Figure 13-13 Cloning of the First Mammal

79. Stem Cells

80. 1. What phase ?

81. 2. What phase ?

82. 3. What phase ?

83. 4. What phase ?

84. 5. What is the longest phase of the cell cycle ?

85. 6. What is the longest phase of mitosis?

86. 7. List (in order) the phases of mitosis

87. 8. List two outcomes of Interphase

88. 9. How many chromosomes do you have in you sex cells ?

89. 10. Name the phase

90. BONUS Name and explain two reasons why cells must divide