1. How do we describe personality? Hans Eysenck (d. 9/4/97): Inspired by history, especially Hippocrates (460-370 bc) and Galen (129-203 ad) Phlegmatic Sanguine Melancholic Choleric High N Low N High E Low E

2. How do we describe personality? Raymond Cattell (1943; d. 2/2/98) The lexical hypothesis: “All aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility, have already become recorded in the substance of language” Allport & Odbert (1936) 17,953 words “distinguish the behavior or one human being from that of another” 4,504 words represent “consistent and stable modes” or “determining tendencies” Cattell (1957) 171 non-redundant/synonymous words Factor analysis Norman (1963) 18,125 words to describe people 8,081 words not evaluative, ambiguous, clear, and not physical traits 1,600 familiar words 75 clusters

3. 1234567 1.I did what had to be done-.10.75-.05.03.12.00 2. I learned to live with it--.02.52.61-.07-.08 3. I tried to get rid of it-.17.00.09.15 4. I accepted that it was there-.71.11.08 5. I tried to see it in a different light-.06-.04 6. I slept more than usual-.59 7. I daydreamed about other things-

4. Factor: ABCD 1. I did what had to be done.62.15.01-.12 2. I learned to live with it.03-.08.49.08 3. I tried to get rid of it.54.04-.20.16 4. I accepted that it was there.10.11.56.03 5. I tried to see it in a different light.07.08.50.02 6. I slept more than usual-.02.72.12-.13 7. I daydreamed about other things.08.48.08.08

8. Raymond Cattell (1943; d. 2/2/98) “All aspects of human personality which are or have been of importance, interest, or utility, have already become recorded in the substance of language” 16 factors, including: Reactive vs. emotionally stable Relaxed vs. tense Self-assured vs. apprehensive Tolerates disorder vs. perfectionistic Shy vs. socially bold Serious vs. lively Forthright vs. private Dominant vs. deferential

9. How do we describe personality? Lewis Goldberg: The Big 5 E: The largest number of closely related words A: The next largest C: And so on N: And so on O: The smallest number, loosely related words; the worst-defined factor Costa and McCrae: The Big 3 (plus 2) = The Five-Factor Model N and E: The most common personality dimensions in personality theory O: Accounts for existential theories (e.g., self-actualization) Convinced in 1981 by Big 5 research to include A and C

10. How do we describe personality? The Big 5/Five Factors OCEAN Other structures? NEO CEAN OCEAN + PV and NV (The Big 7; Tellegen) O C eX A nE + Honesty/humility (HEXACO; Ashton & Lee) trustworthy, honest, humble, faithful versus greedy, venal, hypocritical, conceited

11. Hofstee, deRaad, & Goldberg, 1992

12. How do we describe personality? Why would we have developed language to describe personality in these five terms? E: Can I dominate this person? A: Can I get along with this person? C: Can I work with this person? N: Is this person “crazy” or “sane”? O: Can I teach this person? How might personality have changed during evolution?