1. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref WORKPACKAGE 4 Collection & Transport O. Tabasaran, D. Steinbach, A. Schultheis

2. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection & Transport Objectives of WP 4 1 Development of a general methodology for data collection to evaluate the efficiency of collection/ transportation schemes and sorting plants 2 Data collection in several cities and counties (case studies) following the procedure developed 3 Simulation with the aim to improving the efficiency of collection/ transport and sorting schemes 4 If feasible, to implement and assess selected improvement measures

3. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Problems encountered 3 Evaluation of the efficiency of sorting plants is very time consuming as there are five sorting plants in Stuttgart operating with different technologies and dealing with different input material 2 At the moment, the focus of work is on collection and transport as it is the topic that lacks of information and data 1 Data collection does not have the priority that is required in the project 4 No delays

4. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref General results 1 Collection transport:  Model structure is completed  Programming has started  Equations are determined  Most of the required default values are available  Detailed data from Stuttgart will be received the next weeks

5. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref 2 Sorting plant:  Data of one sorting plant for mixed recyclables are available in parts to be integrated into the simulator  Data collection from Stuttgart sorting plants is ongoing 3 Environmental aspects:  The structure to assess the aspects is finished for collection/transport  Data from Rennes sorting plant are available in parts

6. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection and transport For evaluation of efficiency and environmental aspects the simulator will  reflect the present situation of collection/transport and sorting plants in the case study cities and in cities which want to use the system  improve/ optimise the existing system by changing factors  introduce additional collection systems and sorting streams for selected waste fractions 30- 70% of total waste disposal costs

7. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref

8. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Per area and fraction

9. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Per area and fraction

10. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  Waste amounts and composition per capita If waste data are unknown, default values are available and will be provided by the programme Basic data required to feed the simulator  Description of collection area(s) normally 1 collection area for smaller towns bigger cities are often divided into several (independent) areas

11. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Area description should include For optimisation or introduction of a new system, existing area divisions can be changed or areas can be added Basic data required to feed the simulator  Number of inhabitants  Number of households  Number of properties  Building structures  Inhabitants/households per building structure  Km² of area

12. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  Fractions collected separately per bin/bag, or together in one container (quantities)  User decides which fractions are to be collected separately with bin/bags New system / improvementPresent situation Data required per collection area  additive, alternating, integrated Data required per collection area and fraction  Collection system  central collection points; inhabitants connected per central container  User can chose or change the collection system  kerbside  collection frequency  Back-calculations will avoid logical errors

13. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  Number of bins according to sizes (30 - 5.500 litres) per area and fraction  The programme suggests bin sizes according to area specifications  Number of bins required is back- calculated by the programme using: Bins/ containers per area and fraction New system / improvementPresent situation  User can fix bin sizes  bin sizes chosen by the user  area specifications  volume weight of waste fraction  or by volume which must be provided by municipal regulation

14. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection and transport per area, vehicle and day is determined by the following factors: Collection specifications per area and fraction  Length of a working day  Time spent driving between stops  Distance to the disposal site  Average haul speed to and from disposal site  One way delay time  Unloading time at disposal site  Off route time per day  Number of shifts  Vehicle specifications, lifter system  Area specifications

15. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Calculations of the collection parameters are related to  a vehicle collecting a specific waste fraction per day during a defined route  per route several trips to the disposal site may be required, so the calculations are normally related to one trip  important aspect for efficiency is the time spent for the different collection steps Collection specifications per area and fraction Equations and parameters for calculations are related to bring and kerbside systems using specific modifications if required

16. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection per trip can be divided into: Pick-up [P scs ] Haul [x] At site [t u ] From 1st container to be emptied until vehicle is full Transport to the waste disposal plants, recycling facilities or transfer station (and back) Time required for unloading the vehicle at the waste disposal plant, recycling facility or transfer station Time per trip T scs = P scs + t u + a + bx Collection specifications per area and fraction a, b are empirical constants for distances and related velocities

17. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Pick-up- time depends onP scs = C t (uc) + (N p ) (dbc)  Number of containers emptied per trip [C t ]  Unloading time per container (collector specific) [uc t ]  Number of container pick-up locations (stops) [N p ]  Average time spent driving between the pick-up locations [dbc] Collection specifications per area and fraction

18. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  Default values available and provided  Programme calculated  Selection of vehicle types (axles, payload, volume, rear, front, side loaders) provided  Previously selected  Number of containers emptied per trip [C t ] C t = vr/cf New system / improvement Depends on  Container sizes  Volume weight per waste fraction and container size  Vehicle volume, payload [v] (maximum volume weight)  Possible compaction ratio [r] [cf]

19. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  To be selected by the user  Lifter system  Number of collectors/ vehicle [N c ]  Average default values are available and provided  Container sizes  Average default values are available and provided or  Unloading time per container [uc t ] uc t = (Lt 0 + LT 1 )/N c *z  Set out time for full service [Lt 0 ]  Emptying time per container [Lt 1 ] is a function of New system / improvement Depends on  Programme provides possibility to chose the lifter system, providing unloading times according to container sizes  Factor used if lifters are not divided [z]

20. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  Number of container pick-up locations per trip N p = H/N d - 2x/s - 2 t d - t u - B/N d t p New system / improvement  Length of working day/vehicle [H]  Number of trips [N d ]  Mean time per stop + time to reach the next stop [t p ]  At site unloading time [t u ]  Off-route time [B]  Distance to the disposal plant [x]  One way delay time [t d ] t p = (uc*c loc )+dbc  Average haul speed to disposal plant [s]  1 or 2 shifts, working hours can be changed  Back-calculated  Can be changed for simulating transfer station, etc.  Average values road and distance specific available For the present situation the following parameters are known or calculated  Related to selected vehicle  All factors can be changed (collectors, containers, vehicles...)

21. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  Changing collection system, container neighbourhoods, etc. dbc = D/V max [1-exp(0,03D)]  Average time spent driving between the pick-up locations [dbc] New system / improvement  Distance between stops [D]  Velocity [V]  Average values (number of bins/100 m) available according to area structures  Average values available according to area structures

22. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Environmental aspects collection/ transport Parameters per waste vehicles  Age  Maximum payload  Average load  Number of axles  Average speed  Diesel/ 100 km  Diesel/ t collected  Percentage of increased efforts  km/ year  Filters installed  Particles Emissions considered  CO  NO x  HC Emissions will be evaluated according to existing norms for the following parameters:

23. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref  For central collection points/ civic amenity sites, private trips will be calculated by using average default values (according to inhabitants connected per location)  Waste transport from transfer station to recycling facilities, composting plant, incineration, MBPT or landfill (specific transportation trucks)  Waste transport from sorting plant to recycling facilities, incineration, MBPT or landfill Transport considered  Waste collection and transport to the waste disposal plant or transfer station

24. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Sorting plant (MRF) for mixed recyclables  Packaging waste  Paper/ cardboard sorted into different qualities Sorted:  Small WEEE Inhabitants connected: 182,000 Input: 22,700 tons/year (maximum capacity 26,000 tons/year)  Batteries

25. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref

26. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Data available in parts  Input streams, quantities per fraction  Input/ output of each sorting station  Technical data and input/output drum 1 and 2  Technical data input/ output Sotima (density separator)  Technical data and efficiency of the magnetic separators and Eddy-Current separator  Technical data conveyor belts, pressing devices etc.  For some aggregates equations for the simulator are available

27. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Available data concerning sorting efficiency (on a monthly basis)  Staff per shift  Quantities collected per fraction and shift  Time for pressing  Running hours  Tons per hour (from green household bin)  Tons per hour (commercial recyclables)  Additional cleaning  Interruption hours divided into cleaning, overfilled sorting belt, defect...  Capacity utilisation (%)  Working time (hours per person and month)  Working days per month  Total hours per shift

28. WP4 AWAST Trondheim, June 2002 – ISWA / Cemagref Collection transport Bio-Bin Biowaste Lunch-time !!! Origin ???