1. Do you really want to buy that beachfront house?  Recognize the different types of coasts  Primary Coasts vs. Secondary coasts  Describe the processes that generate secondary coasts  Beach anatomy  Seasonal changes  Longshore transport  How do the structures we build change the shoreline This week we will study the types of coasts and beaches and the natural processes that create and maintain them

2. Here today, gone tomorrow: sediment transport and beach evolution The shore takes on many forms along the WA coast and Puget Sound Weather, waves and gravity continue to shape the shorelines Beaches are dynamic

3. Anatomy of a beach  Berm: ledge or terrace with flat tops  formed by wave-deposited material  Beach face: seaward slope, dependent on sediment type and wave energy  Troughs and bars run parallel to beach  Change seasonally Fig. 12.6

4. Seasonal Beach Changes The small waves of summer move sand from offshore to the beach and form a summer berm Summer Profile The high waves and storms of winter erode sand from the beach and store it in offshore bars. Winter conditions remove the summer berm, leaving only the winter berm on the beach. Winter Profile Fig. 12.19

5. Sands shift with the seasons  Most beaches in WA consist of a shallow covering of sand or gravel over rocks  Winter: storms remove most of the sand, exposing cobbles and underlying rock  Summer: sand returns At South Whidbey State Park, sand bars cover the lower portion of the gravel beach. Sand moves with the seasons and storms, sometimes covering much of the beach, other times being drawn offshore

6. How do waves move sediments?  Wind = waves  Breaking wave = turbulence  Swash moves sediment onshore diagonally  Backwash moves sediment straight down beach  Swash + backwash = zigzag  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN42EWWTP3w&feature= related http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tN42EWWTP3w&feature= related Fig. 12.20

7. How do waves move sediment?  Winds blow, waves form  As a wave approaches shore, it feels the bottom (surf zone)  speed changes, wave steepens and begins to break  The turbulence generate from the breaking wave tumbles beach material (beach absorbs some of the waves energy)  The “stronger” or more energetic a wave is, the more sediment it stirs up and tumbles  Waves moving toward shore transport sediment onshore (called onshore transport)  Wave angle results in the transport of sediment parallel to shore  Up-rush or swash from breaking waves moves sediment diagonally up and along beach in direction of longshore transport  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9EhVa4MmEs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U9EhVa4MmEs  Backwash moves sediment downslope

8. Sources & Sinks  Longshore transport is interrupted by headlands, inlets, and sharp bends in the shore contours and manmade obstacles  The shoreline is divided into "drift sectors,” each drift sector contains its own pick-up (source) and drop-off points (sinks)  Sources along the WA coast and Puget Sound include eroding bluffs, rivers, and streams  Sinks appear as spits, bars, tombolos, beaches (…can also be a source if supply is blocked or changes….) Waves carry materials from eroding bluffs (source) and move them along the beach (drift path) to a spit, bar, tombolo, or beach (sink).

9. Sink or Source? Source: Sink: Direction of drift or longshore transport: bluff spit

10. Beaches are regions of coasts where sediments (usually sand or coarser particles) are accumulating. The source of beach sediment is rivers and the erosion of bluffs and headlands. Beaches are particularly dynamic environments, constantly changing in size and shape as a result of wave action and longshore transport. Understanding Beach Evolution  During the summer, waves tend to be gentle and transport sediment landward. Beaches are at their widest during the summer.  During the winter, storms at sea produce larger waves that erode beaches and transport the sediment seaward.  Longshore transport also alters the shape and profile of a beach.  Where wave action is strong, sediment is eroded and transported.  Where wave action is reduced, sediment is deposited.

11. Wave action and longshore transport can erode beaches and be a hazard to boat harbors People have taken measures to minimize those undesirable effects (with mixed results) Human intervention in natural beach evolution  Build structures to stop beach erosion and stabilize beaches  jetties, groins, seawalls  Build structures to protect harbors  Breakwaters  Building dams

12. Beaches: River of Sand To end