1. Benjamin F. Bobzien Faculty Sponsor: Dr. Robert Berry Western Carolina University Research Project

2. Introduction Benjamin F. Bobzien Father Husband Fire Captain Student

3. Fiscal Impact of Disasters Fiscal Impact Response and Recovery Increase in Financial Need Amount of Disasters Population Increase High Hazard Area Development What Can Be Done to Reduce Fiscal Impact?

4. Natural Hazard Mitigation Defined Who can perform NHM? Governments/Private Organizations Individuals Homeowners Business-owners

5. Methodology of Research What was learned through the research of NHM? Information was broad Two common pieces of information Must determine the cost/effectiveness of the project Must determine the benefits though a Benefit/Cost Analysis Cost associated with the projects Direct Costs Indirect Costs Funding Opportunities

6. Cost-Effective Analysis Early Determination Robert T. Stafford Act Disaster Declarations Hazard Mitigation Federal Funding Options Stewards of Tax Dollars

7. Cost-Effective Analysis Which Projects are Chosen? Benefits>Costs Difference Between Cost-Effective Analysis and Benefit/Cost Analysis Qualitative/Quantitative

8. Benefit/Cost Analysis Required by the Stafford Act Will the benefits exceed the project’s cost (monetary)? Costs and benefits in dollar amounts Ratio >1 means benefits exceed the costs >1 eligible for federal funding

9. Benefits of Mitigation Reduction or elimination of effects of disasters Fewer deaths and injuries Fewer properties damaged or lost Reduced personnel costs relating to disaster response Less impediment of commerce Saving historic structures Protecting infrastructure

10. Cost of Mitigation Costs are determined in the planning phase Direct Costs Project Development Labor Construction materials Equipment Sub-Contractors Demolition/debris removal May require the use of public or private funding

11. Cost of Mitigation Indirect Costs Operation Maintenance Management Re-evaluation Simple/Low Cost Projects Clearing debris/creating defensible spaces Initiating new codes and ordinances Minor adjustments to existing structures Federal funding options available

12. Federal Funding Options Programs and grants to offset the monetary burden Programs include: Hazard Mitigation Grant Program Pre-Disaster Mitigation Program Flood Mitigation Assistance Program Repetitive Flood Claims Program Severe Repetitive Loss Program Detailed view of the programs

13. Cost Sharing Common with all hazard mitigation programs Shared between federal and non-federal funding Shared funds must be applied to specific and approved items Non-federal costs should be reasonable and necessary Most call for 75% federal/25% non-federal match FEMA reserves the right to adjust the percentages

14. Failure to Mitigate Setting up for higher risks and the effects of disasters Lives are lost Injuries are frequent Buildings are damaged and destroyed Infrastructure is damaged

15. Failure to Mitigate Commerce is delayed Very high cost for response and recovery Distress and psychological impacts Loss of jobs Outward migration of the population

16. Current Mitigation Projects Carolina Beach, NC Awarded $1,074,899.00 from FEMA 100% federally funded, no matching Used to raise 7 homes in a 100-year flood plain Previous Grants 1996 HMGP after Hurricane Fran 2008 Severe Repetitive Loss Program

17. Conclusion

18. Works Cited