1. CHAPTER 7 The Jefferson Era

2. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Domestic Issues Planning of D.C.
Pierre L’Enfant
Struggling little village
Establishing Presidential behavior
L’Enfant
French architect
D.C. would become “the Paris of the United States”
even Congress members did not stay in D.C. except during session
would often leave D.C. to return home to prestigious legislatures
Pres. Behavior
widower
very informal
--no seating charts at state dinners
--dressed down
--wanted to eliminate the “aura of majesty” that surrounded the Presidency.

3. Early survey map of DC Note about circles:
L’Enfant was a heavy drinker and would often sit his drink down on the map while he drew, which caused circle stains on the map.
Rather than start over each time, he just incorporated the circles into the street design of D.C.

4. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Domestic Issues
Forced to be a politician
1802—abolished all internal taxes
Reduced government spending
Cut government staffs
Cut national debt almost in half
Politician:
very shrewd and savvy in political dealings with others
brilliant conversationalist
architect
writer
farmer
used influence as a party leader
used his power as a political weapon, esp. with appointments
loyalty was important
Often called a “Renaissance Man”

5. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Domestic Issues Cut size of armed forces
Helped to establish United States Military Academy at West Point
Helped Republicans win majority of Congress in 1802
Helped Republicans repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801
President during first “test” of Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison (1803)
John Marshall—Chief Justice
John Marshall
appointed by Adams—a Federalist
very cautious judge with Federalist rulings
established the Judicial Branch as a “co-equal” to legislative and executive
Jefferson responded quickly to Marshall
urged Congress to impeach judges who blocked important legislation
EX: Justice Sam Chase because of his partisan rulings
He was found not guilty by the Senate
Helped establish that impeachment could not be used as a political weapon

6. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Domestic Issues Native Americans
Conflict #1:
disputes over land continued and William Henry Harrison
Conflict #2:
William Henry Harrison and Tecumseh
WHH very committed to expansion into NW Territory
appointed by Jefferson as Indiana Territorial governor in 1801
presented a solution: assimilate or move
WHH played tribes against each other
“He will if you will” and “He said he was going to move”
used bribes and trickeration to get what he wanted
it worked:
eastern Michigan
southern Indiana
most of Illinois
Georgia, Tennessee, and Mississippi
Native American response was weak—no organization like with Iro. Confed.
NAm renewed friendship with British (supplies)
Tenskwatawa “The Prophet” (brother of Tecumseh)
Battle of Tippecanoe Creek (November 7, 1811)
WHH and Tenskwatawa
weakened Native Americans resistance
SEE OTHER PAGE

7. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Foreign /Domestic Policy Issues
Louisiana Purchase
Lewis and Clark
1802—Spain announced that, on behalf of the French, the U.S. would no longer be able to store cargo at New Orleans port even though U.S. had right to do so through the Pinckney Treaty.
Jefferson instructed Ambassador Robert Livingston to negotiate a purchase of New Orleans from the French.
Livingston suggested to France that they sell vast western territories to the U.S.
Napoleon surprisingly agreed to the deal and the U.S. acquired The Louisiana Territory for $15 million on April 30, 1803
In return the U.S. granted certain trading privileges to France and incorporate the citizens of the Louisiana Territory into the U.S.
Jefferson was curious as to whether his treaty making powers in the Constitution allowed him to accept the deal, but his advisors convinced him that they did.

8. The Jefferson Era Election of 1804 Republicans: Thomas Jefferson
Federalists: Charles Pinckney

9. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Domestic Issues Part 2
The Burr Conspiracy
The Essex Junto
Some Federalists were angry over Louisiana Purchase because believed it would dilute their power in government
The Essex Junto believed that the New England area should secede from the Union but would need large states like New York and New Jersey to be successful.
Because Hamilton would not support such a scheme, the Junto turned to Hamilton’s rival, Aaron Burr.
The Junto said that if Burr would support secession, they would support his candidacy for Governor of New York in 1804.
Hamilton accused Burr of plotting treason and launched a character assassination on Burr trying to discredit him.
Burr then challenged Hamilton to a duel.
July, 1804 in Weehawken, New Jersey—Hamilton was wounded and later died.
Burr had to flee New York or face going to jail.
He met up with white settlers in the west and began leading expeditions of the new territory and even had Jefferson believing he would lead attacks.
Jefferson had Burr arrested as a traitor, but he was found not guilty.
The entire event showed the weakness and vulnerability of the U.S. government.

10. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Foreign Policy Issues Part 2
The Embargo of 1807
Prohibited American ships from leaving the U.S. for any foreign port
U.S. merchants avoided the law, but there was an impact large enough to hurt American businesses
Caused a serious economic depression in the U.S.
Before leaving office Jefferson had Congress pass a new trade law in which the U.S. could trade with all European countries except France and GB.

11. The Jefferson Era Jefferson’s Foreign Policy Issues Part 2
The Barbary Pirates
Conflict with GB (p ))
The Barbary Pirates
Jefferson was reluctant to continue contributions to The Barbary States as payment for protection when trading in the Mediterranean Sea.
The leader of Tripoli cut down the American flagpole at the American consulate, and Jefferson began building up the American naval fleet.
In 1805 the U.S and the Barbary states reached an agreement where the U.S.
would no longer pay the protection fee, but had to pay a $60,000 for U.S. prisoners.
Conflict with Great Britain
Napoleon closed all of European mainland to British shipping
U.S. was in a hard situation: said for Britain and make France angry or sail for England and make Britain angry.
Britain began seizing and the practice of impressment

12. The Jefferson Era Election of 1808 Republicans—James Madison
Federalists—Charles Pinckney

13. The Jefferson Era Madison’s Domestic Policy Issues
Florida and the “southwest”
Settlers wanted government to take Florida from Spanish
Slaves escaped border into Florida
Indians launched raids on towns north of the border
Settlers wanted this land because of water and access to ports
1810: settlers seize fort at Baton Rouge
requested annexation into U.S.
President Madison began making plans to annex all of Florida even if it meant going to war with Britain.

14. The Jefferson Era Madison’s Foreign Policy Issues
The War of 1812 (p )
Early American defeats
Andrew Jackson and the South
British invasion of Washington
Baltimore and Ft. McHenry
Plattsburgh, New York
New Orleans
GB wanted to attack U.S. over trade policies and to preserve its’ relationship with Spain over Florida.
U.S. declared war but were largely ignored by GB because of GB war with France.
America was pumped up about the war.
Enthusiasm soon faded after attempts to invade Canada failed
retreat from Canada
Fort Dearborn fell
But was pumped back up with victories on the Great Lakes territory
Battle of Thames—victory over the Indian tribes on the Great Lakes
In the South, Andrew Jackson is winning against Native American tribes (the Creeks)
Battle of Horseshoe Bend—huge victory against the brutal Indians
Creeks agree to give most of land to U.S in treaty.

15. The Jefferson Era Madison’s Foreign Policy Issues The War of 1812
“the natives were getting restless”
The Hartford Convention
The Treaty of Ghent
Jefferson faced opposition over the war from the Federalists
Daniel Webster from New Hampshire
The Hartford Convention
December 15, 1814 meeting to discuss secession
also discussed nullification
wanted to add seven amendments to the Constitution to protect NE from influence of south and west
Jackson’s victory at New Orleans and the peace agreement virtually ended the Federalist Party.
The Treaty of Ghent
August, 1814
Ghent, Belgium
JQA, Henry Clay (Kentucky) and Albert Gallatin (Tennessee)
US gave up demands for restitution for impressment and the want for Canada
British gave up demand for “buffer zone” to protect Indians
signed December 24, 1815