1. AJ 50 – Introduction to Administration of Justice Chapter 12 - Prison Life

2. Research on Prisons Prisons have been the focus of sociological research and media attention for decades Total Institutions – Enclosed facilities – Physically & socially separated from society – Inhabitants share all aspects of daily lives

3. Prison Subculture Values and patterns of behavior that characterize prison inmates – Very consistent across the country Prisonization – Process by which new inmates accept prison lifestyle and criminal values

4. The Prison Code Common rules identified by prison researchers in 1960 – Don’t interfere/never rat – Do your own time – Be right – Be a man/don’t whine – Don’t trust the guards/staff

5. Prison Lifestyle & Inmate Types Violent – Survival of the toughest Hedonist – Living for the present Opportunist – Take full advantage Retreatist – Psychological retreat Legalist – Jailhouse lawyer Radical – “Political” prisoner Colonizer – Comfort zone inside Religious – Coping mechanism Gangbanger – Defense, protection Realist – Doing their time

6. Sexual Victimization Welcome committee for new arrivals – Fight, pay, or serve General conclusions of research… – Most sexual aggressors do not consider themselves as homosexuals – Sexual release is not primary motivation – Aggressors may continue to participate in gang rapes to avoid victimization – Aggressors may have suffered damage to masculinity in the past

7. Female Inmates 112,000 female prison inmates in 2007 Most are in for non-violent crimes – Drugs and property crimes most common Many share a background of victimization – Physical, sexual abuse 80% have substance-abuse problems

8. Female-Inmate Considerations US Prisons are traditionally male-dominated – Inmates, structure, staffing Responding to gender needs… – Separate structure for female inmates – Target females’ pathways to criminality and effective intervention programs – Recognize low-risk of typical female offender – Consider females’ role in family and community during sentencing

9. Corrections Staff Approximately 748,000 corrections employees in US – 62% state – 33% local – 5% federal Socialization process similar to that for inmates Professionalism – Education & Training standards on the rise – Code of Ethics

10. Riots Turbulent period during 1970’s What Causes Riots? – Administration’s ignoring prisoner demands – Inmates’ violent nature – Poor living conditions inside prison – Power struggles between inmate groups Security Threat Group = Group, gang, or organization of inmates who – Pose a threat to staff safety – Prey on other inmates – Threaten orderly operation of facility

11. Riot Control Most riots are spontaneous, unplanned Five typical phases – Explosion – Organization into inmate-led groups – Confrontation with authority – Termination through negotiation or confrontation – Reaction, investigation, and explanation

12. Prisoners’ Rights Hands-Off Doctrine – Until the 1960’s, US courts tended to stay uninvolved in prison management Pell v Procunier (1974) – Inmates retain 1 st Amendment rights that are not inconsistent with status as prisoner Balancing Test – Weighs individual rights against restricting authority

13. Prisoners’ Rights (continued) Communications and Visitation Religious Freedom Access to Courts/Legal Assistance Medical Care Protection from Harm Institutional Punishment & Discipline

14. Prisoners With Special Needs AIDS – 20,450 state & federal inmates infected Geriatrics – 76,500 state & federal inmates over age 55 Mental Illness – 283,800 mentally-ill inmates in prisons and jails Terrorism – Active recruiting among certain populations